基于新特提斯构造域动力过程及其所诱发的环境变化，并通过构建“单向列车装货”地球动力学模型，研究全球油气资源最富集的波斯湾含油气盆地形成与演化机制。研究表明：①单向俯冲动力过程中波斯湾超级含油气盆地自晚古生代以来长期处于被动陆缘，区域上形成优越的油气成藏组合发育空间；②波斯湾超级含油气盆地在侏罗纪—白垩纪期间长期在低纬度区慢速漂移，在哈德里环流、赤道上升洋流、侏罗纪真极移等全球性地质事件的共同作用下发育了多套叠置的“源-储-盖”组合；③新生代以来的前陆盆地演化阶段碰撞破坏作用弱，有利于油气资源保存。在波斯湾超级含油气盆地实例解剖的基础上，提出陆块慢速漂移及在有利气候带长时间留置是油气富集的关键因素，并对特提斯域内其他陆块的油气资源前景进行了展望。

Considering the Neo-Tethyan tectonic process and the resulting environmental changes, a geodynamic model of “one-way train loading” is proposed to analyze the formation and evolution mechanism of the Persian Gulf Superbasin with the most abundant hydrocarbons in the world. The Persian Gulf Superbasin has long been in a passive continental margin setting since the Late Paleozoic in the process of unidirectional subduction, forming a superior regional space of hydrocarbon accumulation. During the Jurassic-Cretaceous, the Persian Gulf Superbasin drifted slowly at low latitudes, and developed multiple superimposed source-reservoir-caprock assemblages as a combined result of several global geological events such as the Hadley Cell, the Equatorial Upwelling Current, and the Jurassic True Polar Wander. The collision during the evolution of the foreland basin since the Cenozoic led to weak destruction, which was conducive to the preservation of oil and gas. Accordingly, it is believed that the slow drifting and long retention in favorable climate zone of the continent are the critical factors for hydrocarbon enrichment. Moreover, the prospects of hydrocarbon potential in other continents in the Neo-Tethyan were proposed.

碳酸盐岩具有广泛的时空分布,主要为生物成因,而该生物成因属性注定了其与海洋生物、海洋化学条件等密切相关。海相碳酸盐岩沉积相模式对于描述、表征和解释碳酸盐岩地层结构成因具有重要的指导意义。本文回顾了近70年来碳酸盐岩沉积相模式从二维水体能量模型到三维地形模型的发展变化。如何深入分析不同形态特征和内部构成的碳酸盐岩台地的成因机制,解读其相应的地球生物—环境演化信息,是当前和下一步需要努力的方向。为此本文介绍了碳酸盐工厂和碳酸盐岩台地成因方面的研究进展,强调了碳酸盐岩地层的时代特殊性,并以滇黔桂地区为例,从碳酸盐工厂分析的角度剖析了该区二叠纪吴家坪期碳酸盐岩沉积学研究现状,展望了下一步的研究方向,旨在引起同行重新认识生物和海洋环境条件在碳酸盐岩台地演化中的作用,重视全球空间尺度范围内同时代碳酸盐岩的相似性与差异,并从古生态角度入手开展碳酸盐工厂分析,发掘碳酸盐岩台地的生物学和海洋学意义。

Carbonate rocks are widely distributed in spatial and temporal. Most carbonates are biogenetic,which depend highly on marine biological and chemical and other intra-basinal environments. Such a biogenetic nature provides great potentials in deciphering marine biology and chemical conditions. Depositional facies model plays a key role in describing,characterizing and interpreting of ancient carbonate rocks. This paper briefly reviewed the development of the facies model in the past 70 years,from the 2D water-energy profile model to the 3D topographic profile model. How to deeply analyze the formation mechanism of the carbonate platform with different external shape and internal structures and to interpret the biological and environmental signals from them will be the next research focus. On this basis,this paper firstly introduced the progress in the formation mechanism of the carbonate factories and the carbonate platform,and emphasized the age-sensitive pattern of the carbonate platform. Then a case study from the Wuchiapingian(Permian)carbonate platform in the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi region is used,in the view of carbonate factories,to scrutinize the current research status and propose the future research direction.This paper aims to recall geologists' attention to the role of the biotic evolution and marine environment in the development of the carbonate platform,to the similarities and differences of time-equivalent carbonate rocks in a global scale,and to explore the biological and oceanic significance of carbonate platform through the carbonate factory analysis.

基于中东碳酸盐岩油藏注水开发实践，以两伊地区（伊拉克和伊朗）白垩系巨厚生物碎屑灰岩油藏为例，针对笼统注采导致开发效果差的难题，提出以隐蔽隔夹层为格架精细划分开发层系、多类型多井型井网有机组合、构建均衡注采体系为核心的巨厚复杂碳酸盐岩油藏均衡注水开发技术。两伊地区巨厚碳酸盐岩油藏具有垂向非均质性强、多成因超高渗透层发育、隔夹层隐蔽性强等特征，基于隐蔽隔夹层识别与刻画技术、封隔能力评估技术，提出均衡注水开发技术，形成常规层系架构、精细层系架构、深化层系架构3种均衡注水开发模式和技术。数值模拟表明，均衡注水开发技术可实现两伊地区巨厚复杂碳酸盐岩油藏精细高效注水开发、均衡动用不同类型储量，并为同类油藏的开发优化提供借鉴。

白垩系是伊拉克南部油气勘探开发生产的重要目的层,但各大油田之间缺乏系统的层序地层研究,制约了开发生产的精细部署,因而开展层序地层和沉积体系研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。本文以层序地层学及沉积学理论为指导,依据岩心、录井、测井及地震等资料,对层序边界进行识别并对层序进行划分,分析了伊拉克南部白垩系沉积体系的演化特征。研究认为伊拉克南部白垩系以生物碎屑灰岩沉积为主,层序界面有不整合面、暴露面、岩性突变面及沉积相转换面等类型,据此可划分为两个一级层序(AP8,AP9)、6个二级层序(SS1-SS6)、22个三级层序(SQ1-SQ22),单个三级层序持续2~4 Ma不等。下白垩统划分为3个二级层序:SS1自南向北发育了内缓坡到深水盆地的沉积体系,自下而上为由盆地泥晶灰岩渐变到内缓坡颗粒灰岩的沉积序列;SS2下部沉积自西南向东北由三角洲砂岩渐变为深水陆棚碳酸盐岩,上部发育了盆地泥灰岩到浅水陆棚碳酸盐岩的沉积序列;SS3下部自西南向东北由辫状河粗砂岩演变为浅海相细砂岩,上部发育海相碳酸盐岩的沉积序列。上白垩统划分为3个二级层序:SS4自西向东发育了从深水陆棚到浅水碳酸盐岩缓坡-台地沉积,纵向上看为水体逐渐变浅的沉积序列;SS5发育以细粒碳酸盐岩为主的缓坡沉积体系,浮游有孔虫灰岩占主导地位;SS6发育了三期向上变浅的缓坡碳酸盐岩沉积序列,顶部发育陆棚相白云岩。碳酸盐岩缓坡滩、台地边缘滩和两期陆源碎屑砂体是最有利的勘探开发对象。构造活动对内缓坡滩和台地边缘礁滩的发育及分布具有重要的控制作用。

The Cretaceous is an important exploration and development target in southern Iraq. However, a lack of systematic sequence stratigraphic study among major oilfields has greatly restricted fine planning for the oilfield development and production. Therefore, it has great theoretical and practical significance to investigate the sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary systems in the study area. Here, guided by sequence stratigraphy and sedimentology theory, and based on the core data, mud logs, well logs and seismic data, the sequence boundaries are identified and sequences are delineated; meanwhile the evolutionary characteristics of the sedimentary system are analyzed. According to the results, the Cretaceous in southern Iraq is mainly composed of skeletal limestone, and the sequence interface types include unconformity, exposed surface, lithology abrupt surface and sedimentary facies transition surface types. The Cretaceous is divided into 2 first-level sequences (AP8, AP9), 6 second-level sequences (SS1-SS6) and 22 third-level sequences (SQ1-SQ22); the duration of each 3^rd sequence varies from 2-4 Ma. In the Lower Cretaceous, SS1 develops, from south to north, ramp-to-basin sedimentary system, and sediments evolve upward from basinal mudstone to inner ramp grainstone; sediments of the lower SS2 gradually evolve, SW-NE, from delta sandstone to deep-water shelf carbonates, while sediments of the upper part evolve from basinal mudstone to shallow-water shelf carbonates; and in SS3, sediments of the lower part evolve, SW-NE, from braided river coarse sandstone to shallow sea fine sandstone, while marine carbonate rock develops in the upper part. In the Upper Cretaceous, SS4 develops, from west to east, upward shallowing depositional successions of deep shelf-shallow water carbonate ramp-platform sedimentary systems; while fine-grained carbonate ramp sedimentary system, dominated by planktonic foraminifera limestone, develops in SS5; and in SS6, shallowing upward carbonate ramp sedimentary system develops in three stages, and shelf dolomite develops on the uppermost part. Carbonate ramp shoals, platform marginal shoals and two-stage sandstone deposits are the most favorable exploration and development targets in this area. The tectonic movement plays an important role in controlling the development and distribution of the inner ramps and marginal reefs and shoals.

Mishrif组碳酸盐岩岩石类型主要有泥晶灰岩、生屑泥晶灰岩、泥晶生屑灰岩、生屑灰岩和白云质灰岩。储集空间为粒间(溶)孔、铸模孔、晶间孔、微孔、溶蚀缝和压溶缝。沉积环境属于碳酸盐缓坡,发育潟湖、滩后、生屑滩、生物礁、滩前和浅水陆棚6种沉积亚相。储层层间和层内非均质性严重。成岩作用主要有泥晶化作用、 准同生期胶结作用、重结晶作用、溶蚀作用、埋藏期胶结作用、压实压溶作用和白云石化作用。三级相对海平面变化影响下的相带迁移是造成层间非均质性的主要因素,五级和六级相对海平面变化影响下的差异溶蚀和差异胶结作用是控制层内非均质性的主要原因,微裂缝的存在改善了局部储层的物性。

The carbonate reservoir rocks of the Mishrif Formation in the Rumaila oil field, are mainly composed of cryptite, bioclastic wackstone, bioclastic grainstone, bioclastic limestone and dolomitic limestone with various cavities, such as intergranular (dissolved) pores, mould pores, intercrystal pores, micropores, dissolution fractures and pressure-solution fractures, The Mishrif Formation develops mainly in a carbonate ramp sedimentary environment and its main subfacies include lagoon, back-shoal, bioclastc shoal, bioherm, fore-shoal and shallow shelf. There exist severe heterogeneities in interlayers and inner layers of the reservoir. The main diagenesis types in the Mishrif Formation include micritization, penecontemporaneous cementation, recrystallization, dissolution, buried cementation, compaction-pressolution and dolomitization. The interlayer heterogeneity is mainly controlled by facies migration affected by the third-order relative sea-level change. While the main factors controlling the innerlayer heterogeneity are the differential dissolution and cementation influenced by the fifth-or sixth-order relative sea-level change. Micro-fractures dominated by tectonism can increase local porosity and permeability.

与碎屑岩储层相比，碳酸盐岩储层非均质性强，孔隙结构复杂，基于沉积相带分类的孔喉半径分布范围较宽、常规孔—渗关系较差，因此以沉积相控制储层物性的建模方式并不适用。以伊拉克H油田白垩系Mishrif组为例，通过地震、测井、地质、油藏动态等资料，在精细油藏描述与储层评价的基础上，依据岩石分类技术划分的岩石物理相与沉积相带间的内在成因联系，通过以沉积相模型为控制建立岩石类型模型，进而分岩石类型建立孔隙度、渗透率和饱和度模型，并结合静态、动态信息刻画隔层、夹层及高渗条带分布，修正渗透率，形成了一套基于沉积相—岩石类型分级控制的生物碎屑灰岩油藏三维地质建模方法。验证结果表明，利用此方法建立的地质模型较为可靠，能够充分反映储层的非均质性，数值模拟对各项动态指标的首次拟合率达到近65%。

Compared with clastic reservoir, carbonate reservoir has strong heterogeneity and complex pore structures, as well as wide distribution range of pore-throat radius and poor relationship between conventional porosity-permeability based on the classification of sedimentary facies zone. Therefore, the modeling method of reservoir petrophysical properties controlled by sedimentary facies is not applicable. By taking the Cretaceous Mishrif Formation in Iraq H Oilfield as an example and using seismic data, well logging, geology, and dynamic performance of oil reservoir, the fine reservoir evaluation and oil reservoir description are conducted, and the internal genetic relationship between petrophysical facies and sedimentary facies is studied on the basis of rock type classification. Then the rock type model controlled by sedimentary facies model is established, and porosity, permeability and oil saturation models are established for different rock types. Following, the static and dynamic information are combined to characterize the distribution of barriers, interlayers and high permeability strips to correct the permeability model. Finally, a 3D geological modeling method for bioclastic limestone oil reservoir is developed based on the hierarchical control of sedimentary facies and rock types. The verification results show that the geological modeling method is reliable and can fully reflect the reservoir heterogeneity, with the fitting rate of each dynamic index reaching up to 65% in the first run of numerical simulation.

综合利用岩心、铸体薄片、全岩分析、常规物性及高压压汞测试等资料,研究伊拉克H油田白垩系Mishrif组厚壳蛤滩沉积成岩特征及对储集层的控制作用。Mishrif组厚壳蛤滩在高位体系域发育,分布于水动力强的台地边缘古地貌高处。根据相对海平面变化、厚壳蛤滩的岩性演化和沉积构造特征,将单个完整厚壳蛤滩划分为A、B、C、D共4个岩性段。A段为低角度交错的似球粒-厚壳蛤泥粒灰岩,B段为低角度交错及平行层理的砂屑-厚壳蛤颗粒灰岩,C段为平行层理的厚壳蛤砾屑灰岩,D段为水平层理的炭质泥岩。单滩体完整沉积序列多受到破坏,多个单滩体叠置形成厚壳蛤滩体,单滩体厚度和岩性组合纵向上呈规律变化。厚壳蛤滩成岩作用具有“强溶蚀、弱胶结、较强压实”的特征,形成了以粒间孔、粒间溶孔和铸模孔为主,含溶蚀孔洞的孔隙型储集层,且以大于5 μm的粗孔喉为主,为中高孔、高渗储集层。单滩体内部及单滩体之间存在岩性反韵律,从下至上泥晶含量降低、溶蚀增强、胶结减弱、孔喉变大、物性变好。处于高位体系域顶部的MB2-1小层厚壳蛤滩的厚度最大,大气淡水淋滤更为充分,溶蚀最为显著,孔喉最大,是Mishrif组最优质的储集层。图13表1参32

中东地区M油田白垩系Mishrif组厚层生物碎屑灰岩油藏存在层间产液不均衡、储量动用程度低等开发矛盾。为深化碳酸盐岩油藏内部非均质性认识，基于岩心与岩石薄片、测井资料和孔隙度、渗透率、压汞实验等测试资料分析，对Mishrif组隔夹层的类型、成因及展布规律进行研究。Mishrif组发育沉积型、成岩型和成煤型3类隔夹层，包括潟湖沉积型、深水沉积型、风化胶结型、滞留胶结型和潟湖暴露型5个亚类。潟湖沉积型和深水沉积型隔夹层分别发育于低能潟湖和开阔浅海，其泥质含量高，原始渗透率低，属于岩性隔夹层。风化胶结型隔夹层发育于干旱气候与湿润气候交替的环境，海平面大幅度下降，地层长时间暴露，风化作用和淋滤作用耦合形成角砾岩带，饱和流体在缝隙中发生致密胶结形成物性遮挡。滞留胶结型隔夹层发育于高能浅滩，滩体上部发生淋滤溶蚀、底部发生胶结作用形成致密带，隔夹层厚度较小、隐蔽性强。潟湖暴露型隔夹层发育于气候温暖湿润的环境，潟湖长期暴露并发生泥沼化作用。通过岩-电精细标定，建立了不同类型隔夹层的测井识别标准和判别方法，明确了Mishrif组厚层油藏内部隔夹层的空间展布规律。Mishrif组主要发育滞留胶结型和潟湖沉积型隔夹层，深水沉积型隔夹层仅发育于MB2.2层，风化胶结型隔夹层仅发育于Mishrif组顶部，潟湖暴露型隔夹层仅发育于MB2.1层顶部。沉积环境迁移、海平面升降旋回、暴露时间和气候条件等因素控制了隔夹层的发育类型与分布特征。

Thick bioclastic limestone reservoirs are developed in the Cretaceous Mishrif Formation of the M oilfield in the Middle East, and there are some fators constraining the reservoir development, such as interlayer uneven liquid production and low producing reserves degree. To deepen the understanding of the internal heterogeneity of carbonate reservoirs, based on core observation and description, casting thin sections, physical property analysis, mercury injection experiment and logging data, a study is performed on the type, origin and distribution of interlayers in Mishrif Formation. The results show that the interlayers in Mishrif Formation can be divided into 3 categories (sedimentary type, diagenetic type and coal-forming type)and 5 sub-categories (lagoon sedimentary type, deep-water sedimentary type, weathering cementation type, lagging cementation type and lagoon-exposed type). The lagoon sedimentary type and deep-water sedimentary type were developed in low-energy lagoons and open shallow seas, respectively, with high shale content and low primary permeability; they are classified as lithologic interlayers. The weathering cementation type were developed in alternate environments with arid and humid climates. The sea level fell significantly, and the strata were exposed for a long time. Under the weathering and leaching, a breccia zone was formed. Dense cementation occurs to saturated fluids in fractures, forming permeability barrier. The lagging cementation type were developed in high-energy shoals. The upper part of the shoal underwent leaching and dissolution, and the bottom was cemented to form a compact zone. The interlayers are small in thickness, and are not easy to be found. The lagoon-exposed type was developed in a warm and humid climate; the lagoon was exposed for a long time and peatification occurred. Through fine rock-electricity calibration, this paper establishes logging identification standards and discrimination methods for different types of interlayers, and clarifies the spatial distribution of interlayers in thick reservoirs in Mishrif Formation. The lagging cementation type and lagoon sedimentary type were developed in Mishrif Formation, while the deep-water sedimentary type was only developed in the MB2.2 layer, the weathering cementation type was only developed on the top of Mishrif Formation, and the lagoon-exposed type was only developed on the top of the MB2.1 layer. The development type and distribution characteristics of interlayers are controlled by such factors as sedimentary environment migration, eustatic cycles, exposure time of sediments and climate conditions.

鸟眼构造是碳酸盐岩地层中一种特殊的构造,指示潮上-潮间带沉积环境。安徽巢湖地区三叠系东马鞍山组底部普遍发育一层鸟眼构造,但对其矿物学、地球化学特征及成因还缺乏基本的认识。通过光学显微镜、粉晶X-射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱分析及LA-ICP-MS原位微区元素含量测定等方法,对东马鞍山组鸟眼构造的矿物学及元素地球化学特征进行探究。结果表明:鸟眼内部矿物组合以方解石为主,石英及黏土矿物含量较低,方解石晶粒较大且由核部到边部晶粒逐渐变小,富集Sr、REE等离子半径较大的元素;基质矿物组合以白云石为主,石英及黏土矿物含量多于鸟眼核部,有机质含量较高,主要富集Fe、Cu、Ti等离子半径较小或不易迁移的元素。这些综合信息反映了巢湖东鞍山组鸟眼构造是由成岩阶段基质白云岩化析出Ca,在沉积有机质分解聚集形成的气泡孔洞中重新沉淀形成方解石而成。

Bird's-eye structure is a special structure in carbonate stratum indicative of the sedimentary environment of supratidal-intertidal zone. A layer of bird's-eye structure is widely developed in the bottom of the Triassic Dongmaanshan Formation in Chaohu, Anhui Province, but its mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis are still poorly understood. Here, we used optical microscope, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and LA-ICP-MS to investigate the mineralogy and geochemical characteristics of bird's-eye structure in the Dongmaanshan Formation. The results showed that the major mineral in bird's-eye structure was calcite, enriched in Sr, REE, etc., with decreasing crystalline size from the core to edge; while the major matrix mineral was dolomite, containing enriched Fe, Cu, Ti, etc. The contents of quartz, clay minerals and organic matters in matrix were higher than in bird's-eye core. These results demonstrated that bird's-eye structure in the Dongmaanshan Formation developed as a result of calcite formation, from matrix re-precipitation in cavities formed by accumulation and decomposition of sedimentary organic matters after Ca separation in the diagenetic stage due to dolomitization.

Stratigraphic cyclicity can be observed at different scales. At each scale of observation (i.e., hierarchical level), the building blocks of the sequence stratigraphic framework are represented by sequences and their component systems tracts and depositional systems. At the smallest stratigraphic scales, systems tracts and component depositional systems consist solely of sedimentological cycles (i.e., beds and bedsets). At any larger scales, systems tracts and depositional systems consist of lower rank stratigraphic cycles (i.e., sequences). The stacking pattern of sedimentological cycles defines the lowest rank systems tracts, which are the smallest stratigraphic units of a sequence stratigraphic framework. The scale of the lowest rank systems tracts at any location defines the highest stratigraphic resolution that can be achieved, and the limit between sedimentology and stratigraphy sensu stricto. The formation of depositional systems, and implicitly of systems tracts, requires typically minimum time scales of 10(2) yrs, and it may be sustained for as long as the defining environments are maintained as dominant sediment fairways. Within the transit area of a shoreline, where changes in depositional environment are most frequent, only the lowest rank depositional systems consist strictly of process-related facies accumulated in specific environments; these depositional systems sensu stricto develop commonly at scales below the resolution of seismic stratigraphy. At larger scales (higher hierarchical ranks), depositional systems sensu lato reflect dominant depositional trends, but may record higher frequency changes in depositional environment. The distinction between depositional systems sensu strict and sensu lato becomes less meaningful outside of the shoreline transit area, where stratigraphic cyclicity may develop without changes in depositional environment. High-frequency sequences are commonly observed at scales of 10(0)-10(1) m and 10(2)-10(5) yrs, which defines the scope of high-resolution sequence stratigraphy. The stacking pattern of high-frequency sequences defines depositional systems and systems tracts of higher hierarchical ranks in lower resolution studies.