柴达木盆地天然气资源丰富，包括柴西古近系—新近系油型气、柴北缘侏罗系煤型气及柴东第四系生物气、新近系热成因气及石炭系煤型气。近几年，柴北缘侏罗系煤型气获得突破，勘探潜力大。通过对柴北缘天然气地质条件的分析，总结了富烃凹陷区古隆起、源外古隆起—古斜坡、源上晚期构造带3类成藏模式，优选类比法和成因法客观评价了柴北缘天然气资源，计算得出天然气地质资源总量为11 457.5×10⁸m³。在此基础上，结合勘探现状，理清了剩余资源及其分布，剩余天然气地质资源量为10 671.28×10⁸m³，主要分布于鄂博梁—葫芦山区块及阿尔金山前东段区带。根据研究成果，指出鄂博梁—冷湖构造带、阿尔金山前东段、中下侏罗统凹陷—斜坡区是柴北缘天然气勘探有利目标区。

The natural gas resource is abundant in Qaidam Basin，including Tertiary oil-type gas in the west，Jurassic coal-type gas in the northern margin and Quaternary biogenetic gas，Neogenthermogenic gas and Carboniferous coal-type gas in the east of the Qaidam Basin.In recent years，Jurassic coaly gas in the northern margin of Qaidam Basin has achieved a breakthrough and great exploration potential.Based on the analysis of natural gas geological conditions，summarizes the palaeo-uplift in the rich hydrocarbon sag area，extrinsic uplift-slope and late tectonic gas accumulation model，and evaluates the conventional natural gas resources in the northern margin of the basin with analogies and genetic methods，a total resource of 11 457.5×<span style="font-size:13.3333px;">10</span>⁸<span style="font-size:13.3333px;">m</span>³.On this basis，combined with the current situation of exploration，the remaining resources and their distribution were clarified，and the amount of remaining natural gas geological resources was&nbsp; 10 671.28×<span style="font-size:13.3333px;">10</span>⁸<span style="font-size:13.3333px;">m</span>^3&nbsp; is mainly distributed in the Eboliang-Gourd mountain block and eastern zone in front of Alkin Mountains.According to the research results，it is pointed out that the Eboliang -Lenghu tectonic belt，the eastern section of Alkin piedmont，and the Middle-Lower Jurassic depression-slope area are the favorable target areas for natural gas exploration in the northern margin of Qaidam Basin.

经过几代石油人艰苦卓绝的奋斗，柴达木盆地已建成青藏高原唯一的油气生产基地，成为甘青藏地区经济社会发展的压舱石。通过系统综述近年来柴达木盆地的油气勘探进展和勘探成果，总结了成盆、成烃、成储和成藏规律，指出了未来勘探转型的重要领域和方向。研究结果表明：①自2007年设立科技重大专项以来，尤其“十二五”以来，依托科技创新，支撑昆北断阶、英雄岭构造、阿尔金山前、扎哈泉凹陷等相继发现了亿吨级大油气田，形成了其他盆地鲜见的成烃、成储、成藏等原创性成果。②通过系统梳理和总结“十二五”以来的勘探发现、启示及重要地质认识，提出了未来油气勘探从浅层向深浅结合、从构造向构造-岩性结合、从碎屑岩向多岩性复合、从常规向常规-非常规结合的四大转变，厘定出柴西古近系—新近系页岩油、柴东第四系泥岩生物气、柴北缘深层和柴西古近系多类型岩性等四大勘探领域。③研究成果将推动柴达木盆地油气勘探转型发展和强改造型盆地油气地质理论技术发展，为各类型含油气系统的油气藏勘探持续发现提供重要的支撑。

After the arduous struggle of several generations， the only oil and gas production base in Tibet Plateau has been built in Qaidam Basin， which has become a ballast for the economic and social development of GansuQinghai-Tibet region. By systematically summarizing the oil and gas exploration progress and exploration results in Qaidam Basin in recent years，the laws of basin formation， hydrocarbon generation， reservoir formation and reservoir accumulation were summarized， and the important fields and directions of exploration transformation in the future were pointed out. The research results show that：（1）Since the establishment of major science and technology projects in 2007，especially since the 12th Five-Year Plan， large oil and gas fields with 100 million ton reserves have been discovered by relying on scientific and technological innovation in Kunbei fault terrace， Yingxiongling structure，Altun Piedmont and Zahaquan Sag， meanwhile，original theories that are rare in other basins about hydrocarbon generation，reservoir formation and hydrocarbon accumulation mechanism were formed.（2）By systematically summarizing the exploration discovery and important geological cognition since the 12th Five-Year Plan，four major changes in future oil and gas exploration were proposed：from shallow to deepshallow combination， from structure to structure-lithology combination， from clastic rocks to multi-lithology combination，and from conventional to conventional and unconventional combination. Four major future fields were determined，including Paleogene-Neogene shale oil in western Qaidam Basin，Quaternary mudstone biogas of eastern Qaidam Basin，deep strata in northern margin of Qaidam Basin and Paleogene multi-lithology in western Qaidam Basin.（3）These research results will promote the transformation and deve-lopment of oil and gas exploration in Qaidam Basin and the development of oil and gas geology theory and technology in strongly reformed basins， and provide important support for the continuous exploration discovery of oil and gas reservoirs in various types of petroleum systems.

通过系统总结柴达木盆地“十二五”以来主要勘探发现和重要地质认识，提出了盆地未来油气勘探从浅层向深浅层结合、从构造向构造—岩性结合、从碎屑岩向多种岩性复合、从常规向常规与非常规结合的四大转变。系统分析盆地四大含油气系统，结合成藏主控要素，按照战略准备、战略突破和战略展开3个层次，共梳理出13个有利油气勘探方向和3个非油气矿产的勘探方向，系统梳理柴达木盆地油气勘探地质、工程技术、管理等方面面临的主要挑战并提出对策，为推动柴达木盆地油气勘探转型发展、强改造型盆地油气地质理论技术提升和盆地综合资源勘探持续发现提供支撑。

The major discoveries and geological understanding in petroleum exploration since the 12^th Five-Year Plan period are summarized in detail. Four major changes are proposed for future petroleum exploration, i.e., from shallow formation to both deep and shallow formations, from structural to structural-lithologic traps, from clastic rock to multi-lithologic composite reservoir, and from conventional to both conventional and unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. Based on the systematic analysis of the four major petroleum systems in the basin, and combined with the main controlling factors for hydrocarbon accumulation, a total of 13 favorable oil and gas exploration orientations and 3 types of non-oil and gas minerals are identified in Qaidam Basin as in three levels of strategic preparation, strategic breakthrough and strategic deployment. In addition, the main challenges in geology, engineering technology, and management restricting petroleum exploration are systematically summarized and countermeasures are put forward, which provide support for promoting the transformation and development of petroleum exploration, improving petroleum geological theory and technology of strongly transformed basin and the continuous discovery of comprehensive resources in Qaidam Basin.

青藏高原东北部作为高原北东向扩展的前缘地带,新生代以来变形十分强烈,是研究青藏高原隆升变形过程和生长模式的关键地区之一。然而高原东北部何时卷入印度-欧亚大陆碰撞挤压变形系统以及高原扩展的运动学、动力学过程和机制等仍存在很大争议。大陆碰撞及持续挤压过程往往会伴随块体及其内部的旋转变形,而古地磁磁偏角可以定量恢复块体绕垂直轴发生的旋转变形,在研究块体旋转变形方面具有其独特优势。高原东北部,尤其是柴达木盆地,缺乏早新生代的细致旋转变形研究,制约了我们对高原东北部地区早新生代的旋转变形特征及其对印度-欧亚大陆碰撞远程响应的理解。柴北缘地区出露有近乎连续完整的早新生代路乐河组-下干柴沟组地层,为研究青藏高原东北部早新生代旋转变形提供了理想场所。本文对柴北缘逆冲带北中部的驼南和高泉两剖面早新生代路乐河组和下干柴沟组地层开展精细古地磁旋转变形研究:包括在驼南剖面布设4个时间节点、24个采点260个古地磁岩心样品,高泉剖面布设2个时间节点、14个采点150个古地磁岩心样品。通过系统岩石磁学和热退磁实验分析,揭示两剖面早新生代样品的载磁矿物主要是赤铁矿,并含有少量磁铁矿;所获得31个有效采点的高温特征剩磁方向通过褶皱检验和倒转检验,指示可能是岩石沉积时期记录的原生剩磁方向。结合柴北缘中部红柳沟剖面已有古地磁数据,三剖面古地磁结果一致表明柴北缘地区在45~35 Ma期间发生了显著(约20&#x000b0;)逆时针旋转变形。结合东部陇中盆地同时期古地磁旋转变形记录,发现二者具有反向的共轭旋转变形关系。综合青藏高原东部早新生代(52~46 Ma)旋转变形和渐新世以来走滑断裂活动等证据,我们认为:(1)高原东北部的共轭旋转变形是该地区对印度-欧亚碰撞的远程响应,其时间不晚于中始新世(约45 Ma);(2)早新生代自喜马拉雅东构造结至高原东北部,其两侧系统的共轭旋转变形很可能是该时期喜马拉雅东构造结北北东向压入欧亚大陆引起的右旋和左旋剪切作用导致,且剪切应力及相关的地壳缩短和旋转变形等呈现自东构造结地区沿北北东向逐步向高原东北部传递的特征;(3)古新世&#x02014;始新世时期高原构造变形可能主要通过南北向挤压-地壳增厚模式、渐新世以来主要以沿主要断裂带的侧向挤出模式来调整。

The northeastern Tibetan Plateau (NETP) is the frontal region of the northeastward propagation of the Tibetan Plateau with intensive deformation during the Cenozoic. It is one of the key regions to study the uplift and deformation processes and decipher the growth pattern of the Tibetan Plateau. However, controversies still exist regarding the time of NETP involvement with the India-Eurasia convergent deformational system, the kinematic and geodynamic processes as well as the growth mechanism of the Tibetan Plateau. Continental collision and continuous indentation are generally accompanied by vertical-axis rotation (VAR) of blocks and their internal structures. Paleomagnetic declination has its unique advantage to quantitative determination of block rotation about a vertical axis. However, the lack of Early Cenozoic paleomagnetic rotation records in NETP, especially in the Qaidam Basin, limited our understanding of the rotation patterns in NETP as well as the far-field effect of India-Eurasia collision since the Early Cenozoic. The northern Qaidam Basin contains well exposed near successive Lulehe and Xiaganchaigou Formations and is an ideal place to study Early Cenozoic VARs of NETP. Here, we conducted detailed paleomagnetic rotation study on the Lulehe and Xiaganchaigou Formations at the Tuonan and Gaoquan localities in the northern-middle part of the northern Qaidam Basin. In total, 260 drill cores from 24 sites within 4 time-intervals from Tuonan, and 150 drill cores from 14 sites within 2 time-intervals from Gaoquan were collected. Detailed rock magnetic and thermal demagnetization experiments indicated that hematite is the dominant while magnetite the subordinate magnetic carriers. The obtained total of 31 site-mean characteristic remanent magnetization directions were validated by both fold and reversal tests, indicating they were likely primary magnetization directions. The obtained paleomagnetic results, together with results from the Hongliugou locality in the mid-northern Qaidam Basin, revealed a remarkable (~20°) counterclockwise rotation of the northern Qaidam Basin during ~45-35 Ma, which appeared to be a conjugate rotation to the significant clockwise rotation of the contemporary Longzhong Basin. Taking into account the Early Cenozoic (~52-46 Ma) rotations and Oligocene-initiated strike-slip faulting around eastern Tibetan Plateau, we believe that 1) conjugate rotations occur no later than the mid-Eocene (~45 Ma) in NETP and are the far-field effects of the India-Eurasia collision. 2) The Early Cenozoic conjugate rotation deformation from the eastern Himalayan syntaxis (EHS) to NETP are mostly related to a dextral, sinistral shear generated by NNE indentation of EHS into Eurasia. The compressional shear and related crustal shortening and VAR exhibit a stepwise NNE propagation from EHS to NETP during the Eocene. 3) Tectonic deformation in the Tibetan Plateau is likely mainly accommodated via NS compression and crustal-thickening in the Paleocene-Eocene, while lateral-extrusion along major faults is likely since the Oligocene.

氦气作为一种稀有战略资源，关系国家安全和高新技术产业发展。在总结前人成果的基础上，对柴达木盆地北缘地区各气田的氦气含量及同位素进行了分析，试图探讨常规天然气藏中的氦气成藏条件。结果表明：东坪气田的氦气含量介于0.012%~1.07%之间，平均为0.24%。利用壳—幔二元混合模式计算天然气中幔源氦的贡献比例，发现幔源氦的比例介于0.01%~0.84%之间，平均为0.3%；R/Ra值介于0.003 5~0.059 2之间，平均为0.022 6，属于典型的壳源氦。研究区氦气含量与甲烷含量呈明显负相关，与氮气含量呈正相关关系。异常高温扰动有利于促进研究区基岩中氦气发生初次运移，马北气田与牛东气田氦气富集离不开地层水作为有效载体，而东坪气田氦气富集的载体需进一步研究。壳源成因的氦可能主要来源于基底富U、Th的花岗岩和片麻岩的放射性衰变，载氦流体运移通道主要是山前深大断裂和不整合面，盖层分为基岩上覆的含膏泥岩和泥岩的区域盖层，以及咸水下渗形成的基岩顶封式局部盖层2种，这些有利的成藏条件为研究区氦气富集提供了良好的地质基础。体积法得出研究区氦气资源量约为27×10⁸m³，每克岩石平均每年产生⁴He量约为（12.61~121.95）×10^-20m³，平均为48.81×10^-20m³。

Helium is a kind of rare resource， which is related to national security and the development of high-tech industries. Based on summarizing the previous achievements and the analysis of helium content and isotopes of various gas fields in the northern margin of Qaidam Basin， the paper tries to explore the helium accumulation conditions in conventional natural gas reservoirs. The results showed that the helium content in Dongping Gas Field ranges from 0.012% to 1.07%， with an average of 0.24%. The contribution ratio of mantle helium in natural gas is calculated by using the crust-mantle binary mixing model. It is found that the contribution ratio of mantle helium is between 0.01% and 0.84%， with an average of 0.3%； the R/Ra value is between 0.003 5 and 0.059 2， with an average of 0.022 6， showing a crust-derived helium. The helium content in this area is negatively correlated with the CH₄ content and positively correlated with the N₂ content. The internal relationship between the two needs further study. Abnormal high temperature disturbance is the key to the primary migration of helium in bedrock in this area. Formation water is an effective carrier for helium enrichment in Mabei Gas Field and Niudong Gas Field， and the carrier for helium enrichment in Dongping Gas Field needs further research. The crust-derived helium was sourced from the granite and gneiss with rich uranium and thorium on the basin basement. The deep faults of the northern Qaidam Basin and the unconformity have provided good conditions for the migration of helium-bearing fluid. There are two types of caprocks， one of which is the anhydrite-bearing mudstone cover and mudstone cover above the basement， and the other is a top-sealed partial cover which is mainly formed by salty water seepage. These favorable reservoir forming conditions provide a good geological basis for helium enrichment in this area. According to the volume method， the helium resource in this area is about 27×10⁸ m³， and the average of ⁴He content produced by per gram of rock for every year is about from （12.61~121.95）×10^-20 m³， with an average of 48.81×10^-20 m³。

氦气是一种广泛应用于军工、航天、医疗等高新技术产业的稀缺战略资源，但其在世界分布极其不均，中国是贫氦国家面临着严峻的氦气供给安全问题。在系统总结前人研究成果基础上，结合本次实验分析对比了世界上最成熟的氦气生产气田（美国潘汉德—胡果顿气田）与中国氦气生产潜力较大的东坪气田，探讨两者的成藏要素及富氦机理。结果发现：两者均是以天然气作为载体气的基岩型富氦气藏，储层物性好，均发育以膏岩为主的低渗致密的良好盖层。两者的差异性在于，前者花岗岩形成年代更为古老，尤其是碳酸盐岩地层中富含的花岗岩碎屑，其年龄集中在元古宙，平均比东坪气田花岗岩的形成年代早400 Ma；前者氦气运移模式偏向于单一的饱和地下水脱溶释放，而后者存在“过路”古老花岗岩储层的天然气“萃取”释放。两者对比之下，提出形成年代久远的高U、Th氦源岩、充足的载体气、良好的基岩风化壳储层与致密的盖层，和充足的地下水（边底水）作为媒介参与氦气运移，是形成基岩型富氦气藏的必要条件。

Helium is a scarce strategic resource widely used in military， aerospace， medical and other high-tech industries； however， the world's helium resources are extremely unevenly distributed， and helium-poor countries such as China are facing serious helium supply security problems. Through a combination of research literature and experiments， we analyzed the world's most mature helium producing gas field （Panhandle-Hugoton Gas Field in the United States） and the Dongping Gas Field， which has a high potential for helium production in China， and explored the reservoir formation elements and helium enrichment mechanisms of both. The results show that both are helium-rich reservoirs with natural gas as the carrier gas and good reservoir properties， both are capped by low-permeability evaporites， and both have undergone multiple phases of tectonic alteration. Both reservoirs have experienced multiple phases of tectonic alteration. The differences between the two types of reservoirs lie in the fact that the former is older in granite formation， especially the granitic material rich in carbonate formations， which is concentrated in the Proterozoic. The former granites are older in age， especially the granitic material in the carbonate strata， which is concentrated in the Proterozoic， and is on average 400 Ma earlier than the granites in Dongping Gas Field. In the former， the helium transport pattern is biased toward a single saturated groundwater desolvation release， while in the latter， there is an “extraction” release of natural gas from the ancient granite reservoirs that “passed through”. By contrast， it is proposed that the formation of ancient high U and Th helium source rocks， sufficient carrier gas， good reservoir and cap properties， and sufficient groundwater （marginal water） are involved in the helium release. The helium-rich bedrock reservoirs are required for the formation of helium-rich rocks with high U and Th source rocks， sufficient carrier gas， good reservoir and cap properties and sufficient groundwater （bottom water） as a mediator for helium transport.

基于对阿尔金山前东段古近系岩心相、测井相、地震相等分析，发现该地区古近系沉积早期发育一套区域性含膏盐岩盖层。该套含膏盐岩盖层岩性主要为膏质泥岩、含膏泥岩等，纯膏盐发育较少。含膏盐岩盖层发育特征表现为纵向主要分布于路乐河组底部，横向主要发育于尖北、坪西、东坪、牛中等4个局部厚度较大区，且含膏盐岩盖层整体厚度自尖北斜坡区向牛东方向具有逐渐减薄趋势。该地区多类型含膏盐岩的形成及分布特征主要受古近系沉积前的古地貌条件及路乐河组沉积时期的古物源条件、古气候条件联合控制。经综合研究发现该套含膏盐岩盖层的发育程度与油气分布具有良好的匹配关系：含膏盐岩盖层累计厚度较大时，下伏基岩地层油气藏富集，形成构造、岩性、地层油气藏；盖层累计厚度较小时，含膏盐岩盖层相对缺乏，油气向浅层逸散，形成古近系局部盖层和构造控制的多层系构造油气藏。该研究提出阿尔金东段路乐河组含膏盐岩盖层发育特征有效控制气藏纵横向富集规律，并为柴达木盆地下步煤型气有利区预测指明方向。

Based on the analysis of core facies，logging facies and seismic facies of Paleogenlulehee in the eastern part of Alkin Piedmont，it is found that regional gypsum-salt cap rocks developed in the Early Paleogene.The lithology was mainly gypsum mudstone and creaming mudstone，and with little gyprock.The gypsum-salt rocks mainly developed in the bottom of Lulehe Formation in vertical，and formed 4 areas with largest thickness in horizon，including northern Jiandingshan，western Dongping，Dongping and Niuzhong，and thinned gradually from west to east.In the study area，the formation and distribution of gypsum-salt rocks was jointly controlled by palaeogeomorphology，paleoclimate and sediment supply before the Paleogene deposits.A well match between development degree of gypsum-salt rocks and hydrocarbon distribution was proved:Gypsum-salt rocks with lager thickness formed structural，lithologic and stratigraphic reservoirs in underlying bed rocks，with well hydrocarbon preserving and accumulative conditions；and those with less gypsum-salt rocks formed regional cap rocks and structural reservoirs with multiple layers.Above all，the gypsum-salt cap rocks developed in Lulehe Formation in the eastern part of Alkin Piedmont controlled natural gas enrichment effectually，pointing out a direction for predicting favorable areas of coal-type gas in Qaidam Basin.

柴达木盆地阿尔金山前东段供烃区位于南部的侏罗系生烃凹陷，源储距离较远，断裂和不整合是该区主要的输导体系，对油气成藏具有控制作用。断层输导性评价表明，近南北向断裂是该区主要的油源断裂，主要控制油气垂向运移，在成藏关键时期油源断层输导性控制油气差异成藏。“T_R”不整合是该区最重要的区域角度不整合，可分为基岩不整合和侏罗系不整合2种类型，均发育3层结构，包括底砾岩层、风化残积层和半风化层，其中基岩风化残积层和半风化层具有较强的输导能力，主要控制油气的长距离横向运移。断裂和不整合配置关系可分为2种组合类型、3种组合样式，组合类型决定成藏模式，组合样式控制优势运移通道和油气富集。

The eastern front of the Altun Mountain in the Qaidam Basin is located in the Jurassic hydrocarbon generation depression in the south of the basin, with a long distance between source and reservoir. The evaluation of fault conductivity shows that the near-north-south fault is the main oil source fault in this area, which mainly controls the vertical migration of oil and gas, and controls the differential accumulation of oil and gas in the key period of reservoir formation. The “T_R” unconformity is the most important regional angle unconformity in this area, which can be divided into two types: Bedrock unconformity and Jurassic unconformity, all of which have three layers of structure, including bottom gravel layer, weathered residual layer and semi weathered layer. Among them, the weathered eluvium and the semi weathered layer of bedrock have strong transport ability, mainly controlling the long-distance lateral migration of oil and gas. The relationship between faults and unconformity can be divided into two types and three types of combination. The combination type determines the reservoir forming mode, and the combination type controls the dominant migration channel and hydrocarbon accumulation.