我国天然气勘探已进入第三阶段快速发展时期，正面临一系列新的挑战和问题。通过分析中国大气田勘探现状、理论与技术攻关进展，以及由此带来的天然气勘探理念、领域类型等格局的深刻变化，总结认为目前我国天然气勘探存在5个方面主要问题：①深层资源认识程度较低；②中西部大气田成藏规律认识不足制约勘探目标落实；③全国范围非常规气资源潜力与经济前景认识不明晰；④复杂气藏仍面临一系列技术瓶颈；⑤资源日益劣质化与成本上升导致勘探效益下行。分析认为，国内天然气上游应充分预判国际产业冲击影响，结合国内天然气上产、保供等形势，加大非常规气勘探力度与政策扶持，推动技术创新与集成，实现复杂气藏效益开发。新形势下勘探部署应当在领域分类基础上，通过资源潜力、储量潜力、勘探开发综合成本等关键指标综合评价，结合不同探区发展形势与特征，实施不同勘探部署策略。

China’s natural gas exploration has entered the third stage of rapid development and faced new challenges. Through the analysis of China’s large gas field exploration progress,achievements of theoretical and technical,profound changes in natural gas exploration philosophy,source types and prospect,it revealed five major problems in China’s present natural gas exploration process:(1)Uncertainty of deep natural gas resources;(2)Insufficient understanding of accumulation mechanism in large gas fields leads to the lack of exploration targets;(3)The potential and economic prospects of unconventional gas has great uncertainty;(4)Complex gas reservoir still faces a series of technical bottlenecks;(5)Resources are getting worse and the ever-growing of costs leads to the decrease of exploration benefits. The analysis shows that the upstream of domestic natural gas should fully predict the impact of international industrial shock,combine the situation of domestic natural gas production and supply preservation,increase the strength and policy support of unconventional natural gas exploration,promote technological innovation and integration,and realize the complex benefit development. Under the new situation,exploration and deployment should be evaluated comprehensively by key indexes such as resource potential,reserves potential and comprehensive cost of exploration and development on the basis of domain classification,and different exploration deployment strategies should be carried out in combination with the development situation and characteristics of different exploration areas.

基于油气勘探发现和地质认识进展，从成盆、成烃、成储及成藏的内在地质过程出发，揭示沉积盆地超深层油气的形成与赋存规律并探讨超深层领域的关键科学问题。中国超深层主要经历中新元古代和早古生代2个伸展-聚敛旋回，构造-沉积分异产生空间上相邻的源-储组合；发育丘滩体型、岩溶缝洞型、断溶型、白云岩型和断裂带型等多种类型规模性碳酸盐岩储集体、超压型碎屑岩和基岩裂缝性储集体；油气多期复合成藏，晚期调整定位；油气分布受高能滩带、区域不整合面、古隆起与大型断裂带等的控制；赋存多种成因的天然气和轻质油。超深层油气资源占剩余总资源量的33%，为中国油气勘探的重要接替领域；超深层的大型成藏地质单元与规模富集区带将是持续取得油气大发现的重点方向，勘探前景广阔。超深层油气地质条件和富集区带预测为油气地质学研究的关键科学问题。

地下原位加热转化是陆相中低熟页岩油最具现实性的开采方式，但原位转化的能量产出与投入比须大于经济门限方能实现商业开发。从提高能量产出与降低能量投入两方面，对陆相页岩有机质超量富集机理与甜点评价、最佳加热窗口与合理井型井网进行系统研究。 结果表明：①陆相有机质超量富集段主要受外物质注入强度、频度和保持度控制，与适度的火山、热液活动和海侵事件有关，一般有机碳含量大于等于6%；②有机质超量富集段品质与生源母质类型和产烃潜力有关，建立了原位转化产烃品质指数并提出该指数大于450的区域为资源甜点有利区；③结合有机质转化物质场、渗流场特征，推荐300~370 ℃作为鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组长7段长7₃亚段最佳加热温度窗口；④原位加热过程中热导率、渗透率及排烃效率在平行层理方向有明显优势，据此提出“水平井加热+直井开发”方案，可大幅提高采收率和能量产出投入比，是当前原位转化的最佳开发方式。研究结果为中低熟页岩油经济高效开发提供了理论与技术依据。

In-situ heating conversion is the most practical recovery method for lacustrine low-to-medium maturity shale oil. However, the energy output-input ratio must exceed the economic threshold to achieve commercial development. This paper systematically investigates the mechanism of super-rich accumulation of organic matter in continental shale, sweet spot evaluation, optimal heating windows, and appropriate well types and patterns from the perspectives of enhancing energy output and reducing energy input. (1) The super-rich accumulation of organic matter in lacustrine shale is primarily controlled by the intensity, frequency, and preservation of external material inputs, and is related to moderate volcanic and hydrothermal activities, marine transgressions, with total organic carbon content greater than or equal to 6%. (2) The quality of organic-rich intervals is related to the type of source material and hydrocarbon generation potential. The in-situ conversion-derived hydrocarbon quality index (HQI) is established, and the zones exhibiting HQI>450 are defined as sweet spots. (3) Considering the characteristics of the organic matter conversion material field and seepage field, the temperature interval 300-370 °C is recommended as the optimal heating window for the Chang 7₃ sub-member of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin. Based on the advantages of thermal conductivity, permeability, and hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency along the bedding direction during in-situ heating, the “horizontal well heating + vertical well development” scheme is proposed, which has demonstrated significant enhancement in both recovery factor and energy output-input ratio, making it the optimal in-situ conversion process. The research findings provide a theoretical and technical foundation for the economical and efficient development of low-to-medium maturity shale oil.

煤岩气作为一种新类型非常规天然气资源，近几年在我国取得了战略性突破，对保障能源安全意义重大。通过系统阐述煤岩气地质理论、关键技术的研究进展及勘探开发现状，并对其发展前景进行了展望。研究表明：（1）煤岩气内涵在业界已形成普遍共识。煤岩气藏富含游离气且组分复杂，煤岩是一种典型的多重介质储层，煤岩气存在运移聚集等特征，有效成藏需良好的保存条件。（2）煤岩气成藏机理与煤系全油气系统理论框架已初步构建。形成了煤岩气 “三场控藏”成藏机理认识，建立了“源储一体、箱式封存”和“多源共储、高点富集”两种类型的成藏富集模式，初步构建了煤系全油气系统理论。（3）初步形成了煤岩气资源评价、地质—工程甜点评价、实验测试、水平井多段压裂、产能评价与生产优化等技术系列，积极探索无水储层改造、煤系多层多气立体开发等技术。支撑全国累计探明煤岩气地质储量5968×10⁸m³，2024 年产量达到27×10⁸m³。（4）初步估算全国煤岩气地质资源量超30×10⁸m³，具备2035 年实现年产煤岩气300×10⁸m³ 的资源基础，将成为天然气产业新的增长极。（5）指出了煤岩气勘探开发面临的“三大挑战”，提出了未来六大理论技术攻关方向，以期推动煤岩气产业高质量发展。

As a new type of unconventional natural gas resource, the exploration and development of coal-rock gas is of great significance for ensuring China’s energy security. This paper systematically elaborates on the research progress of coal-rock gas geological theories, key technologies, current status of exploration and development, and prospects for its development. The research shows that: ① A consensus has been basically reached in the industry on the connotation of the new type of coal-rock gas. It is clarified that coal rock is a typical dualporosity reservoir, and coal-rock gas reservoirs are characterized by high free gas content, oil-bearing in some reservoirs, and migration and accumulation of coal-rock gas in multi-fractured coal reservoirs. Effective reservoir formation requires good preservation conditions. ② The understanding of coal-rock gas accumulation mechanism and the theoretical framework of the whole petroleum system of coal-measure are taking shape. Based on the particularity of coal dual-porosity reservoirs, the action mechanism of fluid dynamic fields in different media is analyzed, and the understanding of the “three-field control” accumulation mechanism of coal-rock gas is initially formed. Two types of accumulation models, “source-reservoir integration and box-type sealing” and “multi-source co-storage and high-point enrichment”,are established, and the whole petroleum system of coal-measure is initially constructed. ③ In response to the characteristics of coal-rock gas reservoirs, a series of technologies have been initiallyformed, including geological-engineering sweet spot evaluation, experimental testing, horizontal well multi-stage fracturing, productivity evaluation and production optimization. Technologies such as three-dimensional development of multi-layer and multi-gas in coal measures and water-free reservoir reconstruction are actively explored. These technologies have supported the cumulative proven coal-rock gas geological reserves of 596.8×10⁹m³ nationwide, with the 2024 output reaching 2.7×10⁹m³. ④ It is preliminarily estimated that the national coal-rock gas geological resources exceed 30×1012 m3, with the development prospect of achieving an annual output of 30×10⁹ m³ by 2035, which will become a new growth pole of the natural gas industry. The current “three major challenges” in coal-rock gas exploration and development are clarified. It is proposed that future efforts should be made to strengthen theoretical and technological research in six key directions: coal-rock gas accumulation mechanism and construction of whole petroleum system of coal-measure, coal-rock gas selection and sweet spot evaluation technology, fluid seepage mechanism and migration law in coal rock, full-life cycle development optimization of coal-rock gas, coal rock mechanical characteristics and fracture propagation law, and efficient drilling, completion and reservoir reconstruction, so as to promote the high-quality development of the coal-rock gas industry.

基于四川盆地上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组富有机质页岩分布规律、优质页岩表观特征、页岩储集层微观特征、保存条件与页岩气富集、可压裂性等方面的分析,对中国页岩气勘探开发理论认识进行总结,并对未来中国页岩气勘探开发提出针对性建议。四川盆地五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气重要的地质认识可总结为以下几个方面：沉积环境和沉积过程控制了富有机质页岩分布;“甜点段”优质页岩具备高有机碳含量、高脆性、高孔隙度、高含气性的特征;有机质孔隙是页岩气富集的重要储集空间;保存条件是复杂构造区页岩气地质评价的关键因素;页岩气属“人工气藏”,可压裂性评价是获得高产的核心;纳米级储集空间与赋存状态决定了页岩气具有特殊的渗流特征。对中国页岩气产业的发展建议：①加大基础研究,实现页岩气地质理论体系的新突破;②强化勘探实践,形成多层系全方位新发现;③研究开发生产规律,建立页岩气开发新模式;④创新思维,攻关新技术;⑤探索管理创新,形成页岩气发展新机制。图6参72

Through detailed analyses of the distribution characteristics of organic-rich shale, appearance features of high-quality shale, microscopic characteristics of shale reservoir rocks, fracturabilities, and the relationship between preservation conditions and shale gas enrichment in Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin, theoretical understandings and specific suggestions with respect to the exploration and development of shale gas in China are summarized and proposed respectively. Successful experiences in the exploration and development of shale gas of the Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin can be summarized into the following aspects: depositional environment and depositional process control the distribution of organic-rich shale; high quality shale in “sweet spot segments” are commonly characterized by high content of organic carbon, high brittleness, high porosity and gas content; organic pores are important storage space for the enrichment of shale gas; preservation conditions are the key factor for the geological evaluation of shale gas in structurally complex regions; shale gas can be considered as “artificial gas reservoirs” and the fracturability assessment is essential for high-production; nanoscale storage space and the mode of occurrence control the special seepage characteristics of shale gas. The following suggestions are proposed for the development of China’s shale gas industry: (1) focus more on fundamental research to achieve new breakthrough in the geological theory of shale gas; (2) emphasize exploration practices to have all-round discoveries in multiple strata; (3) study the regularities of development and production to establish new models of shale gas development; (4) think creatively to invent new technologies to tackle key problems; (5) explore the management innovation to create new mechanisms in shale gas development.

油气资源评价是基于对油气成藏地质条件的掌握和判断来预测未来油气资源潜力,对油公司实施国际化战略具有重要意义。根据评价方法、油气地质理论、勘探技术、发现的圈闭类型等要素,将全球油气资源评价发展历史划分成4个阶段:早期起步阶段(1900-1957年)、快速发展阶段(1958-1985年)、稳定发展阶段(1986-2007年)和中国参与阶段(2008-现今)。全球油气资源评价结果受不同阶段所采用的评价方法、资源评价范围、油气地质理论、地球物理和钻井等勘探技术以及油价和油气产量等因素的影响。通过对比分析中国石油天然气集团有限公司(中国石油)2020年、美国地质调查局(USGS)2012年和国际能源署(IEA)2019年的全球油气资源评价或统计结果,认为中国石油(2020)评价结果更加全面,但待发现可采资源量评价结果较IEA(2019)偏低。随着油气地质理论的发展和科技的进步,未来将不断有油气资源转化为油气储量和产量,全球油气资源评价方法将逐步实现以烃源岩为核心的"整体"评价为主,评价结果将实现"立体"呈现,评价对象将持续向"两深一非"(深水、深层和非常规)拓展,评价过程将突出"经济性"和"低碳"要求,大数据和人工智能技术在未来全球油气资源评价中也将发挥重要作用。

The evaluation of oil and gas resources is to predict the potential of oil and gas resources in the future based on the understanding and judgement of the geological conditions of hydrocarbon accumulation,which is of great significance for oil companies to implement the internationalization strategy.According to the evaluation methods,petroleum geological theories,exploration technologies,and types of discovered traps,the development history of global oil and gas resources evaluation can be divided into four stages:start-up (1900-1957),rapid development (1958-1985),stable development (1986-2007) and participation by China (2008-).The evaluation results of global oil and gas resources are affected by the evaluation methods used at different stages,the evaluation scope of resources,petroleum geological theories,exploration technologies such as geophysics and drilling,as well as oil price,and hydrocarbon production.After comparing and analyzing the evaluation or statistical results of global oil and gas resources of China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) in 2020,the United States Geological Survey (USGS) in 2012 and the International Energy Agency (IEA) in 2019,it is considered that the evaluation results of CNPC (2020) is more comprehensive,and the evaluation results of recoverable resources to be discovered are lower than those of IEA (2019).With the development of petroleum geological theories and the progress of science and technology,oil and gas resources will be continuously transformed into petroleum reserves and production in the future.The evaluation methods of global oil and gas resources will gradually focus on the overall evaluation of source rock as the core object,the evaluation results will be presented in a three-dimensional way,the evaluation objects will continuously expand to deep water,deep play and unconventional resources,the evaluation process will highlight the requirements in terms of "economy" and "low carbon" ;big data and artificial intelligence technology will also play an important role in the future evaluation of global oil and gas resources.

资源评价是油气勘探开发与决策规划之间联系的桥梁和纽带,评价方法的改进、发展及其选择应用决定了资源评价的工作质量和预测精度.作者提出了油气资源评价的基本原则:成因原则、黑箱原则、相似性原则、最弱因素法则、测不准原理、地质虑波理论、无限逼近原则以及系统原则等.它们是油气资源评价方法选择与改进、应用分析与结论研究所应遵循的基本原理,本文对这些基本原则进行了简要讨论.

Hydrocarbon resource assessments are the bridges and ligaments among exploration,exploitation,decisionmaking and policy programming.The improvement,development,selection and applying of assessing methods determine the appraisal qualities and evaluating precision.The authors put forward the fundamental principles for hydrocarbon resource assessment.They are respectively the rules of genesis,dark box,resembling,feeblest factors, uncertainty,geological filtering,infinite approach and systematic analysis.They are the theoretic norms for ways and means for choosing,applying analysis and result discussing.The paper discussed briefly the mentioned basic principles.

The unconventional hydrocarbon resources are different fromthe conventional hydrocarbon resources in the aspects of accumulation mechanism, occurrence, distribution, exploration and development method, etc. As the strategic supplements of conventional resources, the unconventional hydrocarbon resources are becoming highly valued. But now, an effective evaluation systemis not yet built up for the evaluation of unconventional hydrocarbon resources in our country. Based on the accumulation mechanism and distribution characteristics of the unconventional hydrocarbon resources, five evaluation methods for unconventional hydrocarbon resources are introduced, including: analogy method, the major method of USGS; stochastic simulation method, the new developed method of USGS; reserve estimation method for single well, the typical statistical method; prediction method of hydrocarbon spatial distribution, the special statistical method; prediction method of continuous tight sandstone gas reservoirs, the special genetic method. These evaluation methods provide theoretical basis for the evaluation of the unconventional hydrocarbon resources and the newnational hydrocarbon resource.

在梳理国外常规与非常规油气资源评价方法研究现状的基础上,归纳出国外重要的常规油气资源评价方法及最新的非常规油气资源评价方法,指出多方法、多学科和多领域的知识综合是评价方法的发展方向,油气资源空间分布定量预测与计算机可视化技术相结合是评价技术的发展方向。通过总结中国历次全国性的油气资源评价特点,分析中国油气资源评价方法体系存在的不足,优选出适合中国勘探现状的评价方法,建立了常规与非常规油气资源评价方法体系,研发了常规与非常规油气资源评价系统。介绍了评价系统的结构、主要功能模块和5大特色技术,即以小面元法为核心的非常规油气资源评价技术、三维三相达西流模拟技术、基于刻度区解剖的类比评价技术、经济评价与环境评价技术和基于WEB-GIS的数据库管理技术。展望了评价系统的推广应用前景。

Based on analyses on research status of foreign conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon resource assessment methods, the key conventional hydrocarbon resource assessment methods and brand-new unconventional hydrocarbon resource assessment methods were summarized in this study. It is pointed out that knowledge fusion of multiple methods, multiple disciplines and multiple domains is the development direction of hydrocarbon assessment method, and integration of computer visualization technology with quantitative prediction for spatial distribution of hydrocarbon resources is the developing orientation of assessment technologies. The deficiencies of China's hydrocarbon resource assessment systems are analyzed based on the characteristics of all previous hydrocarbon resource assessments in China, so as to select the optimal assessment methods for current hydrocarbon exploration. On this basis, the conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon resource evaluation methodology and assessment system are developed. In this study, the structure and main function modules of assessment system are introduced, as well as five major technologies, i.e., the conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon resource assessment technology with small patch method as a core, 3D three-phase Darcy flow simulation technology, analogy assessment technology based on dissection of calibrated units, economic and environment evaluation technology, and database management technology based on WEB-GIS technology. Moreover, the popularization and application prospect of such assessment system is expected.

常规油气资源评价方法基于不同原理可以分为成因法、容积法、统计法、类比法和专家评判法五大类，国外油气资源评价以统计法和类比法为主，而中国以成因法为主。文章系统阐述了每类资源评价方法的适用性、优缺点及取得的主要进展，其中成因法、统计法和类比法目前相对比较成熟，也取得了较大的进展；烃源岩有限空间法值得关注，下一步需加强理论和应用研究；专家评判法研究相对薄弱，未来急需加强研究。指出油气资源分级评价、剩余资源空间分布预测、深层-超深层领域资源评价、盆地模拟和大数据应用技术、多方法综合应用的油气资源评价体系、专家决策分析系统和经济评价等是未来油气资源评价的主要发展方向。

Based on various principles, the assessment methods for conventional hydrocarbon resources are divided into five categories, i.e., genetic method, volumetric method, statistical method, analogy method and expert evaluation method. The genetic method is popular in China, while the statistical method and analogy method are dominant in other countries. In this paper, all these methods were illustrated systematically in respect of applicability, advantages, disadvantages and main progress. The genetic method, statistical method and analogy method are more matured with significant progresses. The source-rock limited space method is noteworthy, for which more efforts are required on its theory and application. The expert evaluation method is less studied, for which further efforts are in urgency. It is pointed out that the future hydrocarbon resource evaluation should focus on hierarchy evaluation of hydrocarbon resources, spatial distribution prediction of remaining resources, deep-ultra-deep resource evaluation, hydrocarbon resource assessment system based on basin simulation and big data application technologies as well as the combination of multiple methods, expert decision analysis system and economic evaluation.

致密砂岩气已成为全球非常规天然气勘探的重点之一。中国致密砂岩气分布范围广，目前已在鄂尔多斯和四川等盆地实现了规模开发；致密砂岩气藏主要有低缓斜坡型、背斜构造型和深部凹陷型3种类型，其基本地质特征表现为以煤系源岩为主，生烃强度高，具有持续充注的气源条件；致密砂岩与烃源岩紧密相邻，大面积接触，以近距离垂向运移成藏为主；源储有效配置形成致密砂岩气大气区，局部富集。中国致密砂岩气的有利勘探面积约为32×10⁴km²，可采资源量达(8~11)×10¹²m³，目前中国致密砂岩气勘探开发技术已较成熟，具备加快发展的条件，在中国未来天然气发展中必将发挥重要作用。

<p>Tight sandstone gas has become a focus of the global unconventional natural gas exploration.It is widely distributed in China.Until recently, Ordos and Sichuan basins have achieved the large-scale exploitation.Tight sandstone gas in China has mainly three types, including slop type, structure type and depression type.The tight sandstone reservoirs are mainly sourced by coal-measure rocks, and charged continually.The widespread source rocks and reservoirs interbed.Therefore, the gas can migrate vertically from source to adjacent reservoir.The intimate contact of source and reservoir forms the large-scale gas-bearing area, with&ldquo;sweet spots&rdquo; locally enrichment.The favorable exploration area of tight sand gas in China is 3.2&times;10⁵ km²，with recoverable resources about(8～11)&times;10¹²m³.Currently, China has comparatively mature technology of the exploration and development of tight sandstone gas, having the conditions of accelerating the developing pace.Therefore, tight sandstone gas will play an important role in the future natural gas development in China.</p>

油气勘探开发领域从常规油气向非常规油气跨越，是石油工业发展的必然趋势，二者在油气类型、地质特征及聚集机理等方面明显不同。常规油气研究的灵魂是成藏，目标是回答圈闭是否有油气；非常规油气研究的灵魂是储层，目标是回答储集有多少油气。非常规油气主要表现在连续分布、无自然工业产量。目前，常规油气面临非常规的问题，非常规需要发展成新的&ldquo;常规&rdquo;。伴随技术的进步，非常规可向常规转化。常规油气聚集包括构造油气藏、岩性-地层油气藏，油气以孤立的单体式或较大范围的集群式展布，圈闭界限明显，储集体发育毫米级&mdash;微米级孔喉系统，浮力成藏。非常规油气聚集包括致密砂岩油和气、致密碳酸盐岩油和气、页岩油和气等，一般源储共生，大面积连续或准连续分布于盆地斜坡或中心，圈闭界限不明显，页岩系统储集体广泛发育纳米级孔喉，浮力作用受限，油气以原位滞留或短距离运移为主。以中国重点盆地致密油和致密气为例，系统分析了其地质特征与勘探潜力。非常规油气储集空间主体为纳米级孔喉系统，局部发育微米&mdash;毫米级孔隙，其中页岩气储层孔径为5～200 nm，致密灰岩油储层孔径为40～500 nm，致密砂岩油储层孔径为50～900 nm，致密砂岩气储层孔径为40～700 nm。针对全球石油工业和纳米等技术的快速发展，提出了&ldquo;纳米油气&rdquo;的概念，指出&ldquo;纳米油气&rdquo;是未来石油工业的发展方向，需要发展纳米油气透视观测镜、纳米油气驱替剂、纳米油气开采机器人等换代技术，油气智能化时代将随之到来。