构造动力控制储层性质是陆内冲断带的重要特征，为了明确天山陆内冲断带在喜马拉雅期的构造逆冲推覆作用对超深层砂岩储层的成岩响应特征，开展了基于大量实验分析和多尺度成岩物理模拟的构造动力推覆岩石响应和规模储层成因模式研究。结果表明，天山冲断带在喜马拉雅期的逆冲推覆构造活动强烈，构造活动自盆缘向盆内逐渐减弱，在构造逆冲推覆挤压作用下砂岩主要有3种响应：压实减孔加深储层基质致密性、破裂造缝增渗加剧储层非均质性、异常增压加大流体—岩石作用的有效性。大尺度构造推覆挤压效应的模拟表明：含膏盐地层在构造推覆作用下的岩石应力、应变集中区主要位于盐下冲断叠瓦带，向冲断前展带方向岩石受力明显减弱；含煤地层在构造推覆作用下的岩石应力、应变集中区主要位于叠瓦带的巨厚砂岩中，向推覆前展带应变明显减弱，其中，煤层及砂泥岩互层中的岩石应力、应变较弱，但褶皱构造发育明显；在高温超压条件下，有机酸沿裂缝网络的溶蚀作用增强，裂缝-孔隙-喉道的连通性明显增强。天山冲断带的超深层主要发育2种成因模式的规模储层。在万米埋深以内，强构造挤压区裂缝-孔隙型储层的孔隙度可达5%~8%，弱构造挤压区孔隙型储层的孔隙度可达7%~12%，有利勘探面积达3.76×10⁴km²，是近期超深层效益勘探值得重视的有利领域。

The control of tectonic dynamics on reservoirs is one of the most critical factors for the development of intracontinental thrust belts. In order to clarify the impact of tectonic thrust nappe activity on the diagenetic response characteristics of ultra-deep sandstone reservoirs in intracontinental foreland thrust belt during the Himalayan period, a study was performed on rock responses to tectonic dynamics and the genetic model of large-scale reservoirs based on extensive experimental analysis and multi-scale diagenetic physical modeling. The results show that the thrust nappe tectonic activity of Tianshan thrust belt was strong during the Himalayan period, and gradually weakening from the basin margin to the interior basin. Under the action of tectonic compression, there are three main responses of sandstone. intensification of reservoir matrix densification due to compaction and porosity reduction, intensification of reservoir heterogeneity due to fracturing and permeability increase, and increased effectiveness of fluid-rock interactions due to abnormal pressurization. The modeling of large-scale tectonic nappe and compression effects shows the following characteristics. The rock stress and strain concentration areas of gypsum/salt-bearing strata under tectonic nappe activity are mainly located in the pre-salt imbricated thrust belt, and the rock stress is significantly weakened towards the thrust propagation belt. The rock stress and strain concentration areas of coal-bearing strata under tectonic nappe activity are mainly located in the ultra-thick sandstone of the imbricated belt, and the strain is obviously weakened towards the nappe propagation belt. In particular, the rock stress and strain in the interbeds of coal seam and sand-mudstone are weak, but the fold structure is well developed. Under high temperature and pressure, the dissolution of organic acids along the fracture network is enhanced, and the connectivity of fractures, pores, and throats is significantly enhanced. The ultra-deep strata of Tianshan thrust belt mainly develop large-scale reservoirs with two genetic models. Within the depth of 10 kilometers, the porosity of fracture-pore type reservoirs in strong tectonic compression areas can reach 5% to 8%, and the porosity of pore type reservoirs in weak tectonic compression areas can reach 7% to 12%. The favorable exploration area is 3.76×10⁴km², which proves that this thrust belt is a favorable field worth paying attention to in recent efficient exploration of ultra-deep reservoirs.

通过阐释全油气系统基本原理，并阐明全油气系统的结构，进而揭示常规油气—致密油气—页岩油气序列成藏规律以及全油气系统成藏模式与成藏机理；此外，阐述了页岩油气-致密油气储层地质模型、流动模型与开发生产机理，并给出了进一步的研究方向。研究表明：①全油气系统的主要结构包括3类流体动力场、3种油气藏与油气资源，以及两种成藏作用。常规油气—致密油气—页岩油气具有形成时间和空间分布的有序性、基于成因机理的序列合理性，表现出“序列成藏”的地质规律。②全油气系统成藏模式可以分为“碎屑岩盆地成藏模式”与“碳酸盐岩盆地（层系）成藏模式”两类。非常规油气的聚集成藏是一种“自封闭成藏”，油气自封闭作用的微观来源是分子间作用力（范德华力）。③非常规油气生产实践证实，页岩油气-致密油气储层地质模型、流动模型与开发生产机理是一个全新的领域，极为复杂，有待进一步研究。页岩油气一定是中国油气资源中最重要的资源接替。④进一步研究方向包括：碳酸盐岩盆地全油气系统特征及复合盆地演化源储耦合规律；页岩油气与致密油气运移、成藏与开发生产的流动机理；深层超深层页岩油气、致密油气和煤层气油气地质特征与富集规律；全油气系统油气资源评价与新一代盆地模拟技术；地球系统—地球有机岩与化石能源系统—全油气系统研究。

传统的含油气系统理论强调从“源”到“圈闭”的成藏过程恢复，其概念中的油气资源主体为常规油气资源，难以涵盖非常规油气富集机理的理念和研究。全油气系统理论是从含油气系统理论发展而来，结合页岩油气等非常规油气勘探实践与发现，增加了非常规油气的研究内容。尽管全油气系统研究仍涵盖“地质要素、动态演化、油气分布”三大方面，但其研究思路和研究内容相较含油气系统有很大的不同，主要包括：①地质要素方面，含油气系统主要研究烃源岩特征及生烃演化、常规油气储层物性、圈闭、运移和保存条件等内容，而全油气系统在上述研究的基础上增加了滞留烃定量评价、非常规储层表征、源储配置等研究内容；②动态演化方面，含油气系统主要研究常规油气烃源岩演化与圈闭形成期匹配，而全油气系统增加了非常规储层致密化与油气充注的匹配、非常规油气藏后期改造等研究内容；③油气分布方面，含油气系统以浮力成藏机制为核心研究常规油气的运聚与分布，而全油气系统则通过深入理解非常规油气自封闭成藏机制、查明常规—非常规油气分布序列，从而确定全油气系统的油气分布特征。

全油气系统理论建立了统一的常规油气与非常规油气成藏机理、富集规律和地球动力学控制条件,致密油气是全油气系统的重要组成部分。通过回顾致密油气的发展历史,展望致密油气的资源前景,阐述中国典型致密油气藏的地质特征,从全油气系统理论的视角揭示了致密油气的成藏机理与富集规律。研究结果表明:①中国致密油气资源前景广阔、开发潜力巨大,并在勘探开发领域取得了较大成果,但未来仍面临着巨大挑战,包括地质理论、工程技术以及提高采收率技术等。②致密油气的储层物性处在常规油气与页岩油气之间,其成藏过程同样处在常规油气与页岩油气之间;致密储层内由孔喉组成的复杂毛细管网络是致密油气自封闭成藏的核心。③中国不同含油气盆地中的油气资源呈现出鲜明的差异富集的特点,鄂尔多斯盆地是一个超级致密油气富集盆地;4基于源-储耦合关系,可以将致密油气藏分为"远源型"、"近源型"和"源内型"。

The Whole Petroleum System theory establishes the unified accumulation mechanism, enrichment regularity and geodynamic control conditions of conventional and unconventional oil and gas. Tight oil and gas are crucial components of the Whole Petroleum System. This paper reviews the development history of tight oil and gas, looks forward to the resource prospect of tight oil and gas, describes the geological characteristics of typical tight oil and gas reservoirs in China, and reveals the accumulation mechanism and enrichment regularity of tight oil and gas from the perspective of the Whole Petroleum System theory. The research results are as follows. (1) China’s tight oil and gas resources have broad prospects and great development potential, and great achievements have been made in the field of exploration and development, but there are still great challenges in the future, including geological theory, engineering technology and enhanced oil recovery technology. (2) Both physical property and accumulation process of tight oil and gas reservoir are between those of conventional oil-gas and shale oil-gas. The complex capillary network composed of pore throats within the tight reservoir is the key to the self-containment of tight oil and gas. (3) Oil and gas resources in different petroliferous basins in China show distinct differential enrichment characteristics. The Ordos Basin is a super tight oil and gas enrichment basin. (4) Based on the source-reservoir coupling relationship, tight oil and gas reservoirs can be classified into far-source type, near-source type, and intra-source type.

煤系是含油气盆地重要的烃源岩和储集岩，国内外许多大型天然气田、煤层气田就由煤系烃源岩供气或在煤岩内储集成藏。受页岩油气探索实践的启发，按照“将煤岩作为储层整体勘探”的思路，在保存条件较好的深部煤岩内实现了煤岩气勘探开发突破，开辟了煤岩储层内非常规天然气发展的新领域。基于勘探开发实践资料，开展了煤岩气成藏机理的系统研究，揭示了“三场”控制成藏机理，明确了煤岩气与煤层气成藏作用的主要差异。分析了鄂尔多斯盆地东缘石炭纪—二叠纪海陆过渡相煤系全油气系统和准噶尔盆地侏罗纪陆相煤系全油气系统的特征，指出了进一步构建煤系全油气系统理论的重点研究方向。研究表明：煤岩与泥页岩相比存在强生烃、强吸附能力、双重介质，具备部分或较弱的油气自封闭作用等特征；煤岩气与页岩气、致密气等非常规天然气相比具有更复杂成藏作用等特殊性，成藏需要一定的煤岩组合形成封闭和岩性、构造圈闭，又具有常规裂缝气藏的特征。与以碎屑岩层系为典型建立的全油气系统基本理论和模式相比，煤系在煤岩储层和源储耦合上，具有明显的特点和差异。煤系全油气系统以煤系中煤岩（及暗色泥页岩）为烃源岩和储层，以及与其相邻的致密层为储层或盖层或输导层构成多种类型的煤系油气成藏组合，在源储耦合作用下，在保存条件较好的煤岩储层形成煤岩气，在致密层形成致密油气或在远源形成常规油气，在受后期地质作用破坏的煤岩储层形成煤层气，是一种新类型全油气系统。

近年来，准噶尔、鄂尔多斯等盆地深层煤岩储层中的天然气勘探开发取得重大突破。针对目前工业界和学术界对这种新类型非常规天然气表述不一致的现状，在前人研究的基础上定义了“煤岩气”概念，并系统对比剖析其赋存状态、运储形式、差异聚集和开发规律。在地质上，煤岩气不同于传统意义上的煤层气，具有游离气与吸附气并存、富含游离气，自生自储-微距运移并可有他源的聚集，煤岩割理裂缝发育、游离气差异富集等特点，埋深超过2 000 m的深层煤岩气具有“高压力、高温度、高含气、高饱和、高游离”的“5高”地质特征；在开发上，与页岩气、致密气特征相似，人工改善储层连通性后，无需排水降压，高势能游离气弹性驱动产出、压降后吸附气解吸接替，可依靠地层自然能量开采，游离气与吸附气连续接力长周期产气。按照埋深、煤阶、压力系数、储量规模、储量丰度和气井产量等，提出了煤岩气的分类标准和资源/储量估算方法。初步估算埋深超过2 000 m的中国煤岩气地质资源量超过30×10¹² m³，是国家重要的战略资源。提出鄂尔多斯、四川、准噶尔和渤海湾等盆地是煤岩气的规模富集有利区，梳理了技术与管理挑战并指出攻关方向，为中国煤岩气管理与勘探开发奠定理论、评价和生产实践基础。

煤系是中国天然气勘探开发的重要领域，天然气资源类型多样。针对煤系全油气系统和煤岩中天然气成藏演化的特殊性，通过系统梳理煤系全油气系统中的天然气主要类型和地质特征，揭示煤岩气的形成、富集特征和分布规律。研究取得的主要认识：①将煤系全油气系统中天然气按赋存特征和成藏机理划分为2种基本类型（常规气和非常规气），再按天然气的源储关系和储层岩性划分为6种类型（远源碎屑岩气、特殊岩性类气，远源/近源致密砂岩气，源内致密砂岩气、泥页岩气和煤岩气等），将煤岩储层中赋存的天然气统一称为煤岩气。现有资料表明，同一地区煤岩气在勘探开发地质特征上存在浅层、深层显著差异性，转换深度界限一般在1 500~2 000 m。基于当前煤岩气认识并充分尊重煤层气术语的应用历史习惯，煤岩气按照埋藏深度可以划分为深层煤岩气和浅层煤层气。②按照煤系全油气系统理论“全过程成藏”的研究思想，基于典型煤岩气成藏演化剖析，煤岩气可以进一步划分为原生型煤岩气、再生型煤岩气、残留型煤岩气和生物型煤岩气4种主要类型，前两种主要属于深层煤岩气，后两种主要属于浅层煤层气。③煤岩气成藏演化研究表明，浅层煤层气主要是原生型煤岩气经地质改造后形成的残留型煤岩气或生物型煤岩气，埋藏较浅，具有“低地层压力、低含气饱和度、吸附气为主、排水降压采气”等主要特征；深层煤岩气主要为原生型煤岩气和再生型煤岩气，埋藏较深，具有“高地层压力、高含气饱和度、富含游离气、气藏不含水或少水”等特征；原生型煤岩气分布广，资源量大，气藏品质好，是煤岩气中最为有利的勘探开发类型。

含油气盆地深层系指埋深超过4 500 m的地层领域。截至2010年,全球已发现200个埋深超过4 500 m的含油气盆地,发现了1 477个深层油气藏。塔里木盆地在深层和超深层发现的石油天然气储量所占比率已从2000年的66 % 上升到2013年的92 %,勘探前景广阔。近20年来,在含油气盆地深层构造与地质环境、深层碎屑岩有效储层和碳酸盐岩有效储层、深层油气来源与评价方法、深层油气成藏与分布规律、深部油气相态特征与油气藏保存6个方面的研究取得了重要进展。目前深层油气勘探面临系列挑战,突破当前困局需要开展7个方面的研究,包括:提高深层资料品质、增加深层信息探测手段和数据处理技术、强化构造过程与温压场演化历史研究、开展储油气层演化动力学过程研究、加强油气地球化学与油气资源评价研究、揭示高温高压和低孔低渗等非常规条件下油气藏成因机制研究、建立深层油气地质学与深层油气勘探新理论并研发配套新技术。

Deep strata of petroliferous basin refer to the formations with the buried depth more than 4 500 m. Till 2010, a total of 200 petroliferous basins have been discovered with the buried depth more than 4 500 m in the whole world, as well as 1 477 deep hydrocarbon reservoirs. In Tarim Basin, the proportion of discovered deep and ultra-deep hydrocarbon reserves was increased from 66 % in 2 000 to 92 % in 2013, indicating a huge exploration prospect. Over the past two decades, important achievements have been made in research of the following six subjects, i.e., deep structure and geological environment of petroliferous basin, effective reservoirs of deep clastic and carbonate rocks, origin and assessment method of deep hydrocarbons, deep hydrocarbon accumulation and distribution laws, deep hydrocarbon phase characteristics and reservoir preservation. At present, the exploration of deep hydrocarbon is facing a series of challenges. The research on seven aspects should be carried out to break through the current dilemma, including the improvement in the quality of deep data, the increase in deep information detection methods and data processing technologies, the enhancement of study on tectonic process and the evolutionary history of pressure and temperature field, the research on the dynamic process of hydrocarbon reservoir evolution, the enhancement in the research of hydrocarbon geochemistry and resource assessment, the studies with the aim to reveal the genetic mechanism of hydrocarbon reservoir under high temperature and high pressure, low porosity-low permeability and other unconventional conditions, the establishment of new theories for deep hydrocarbon geology and exploration, as well as the development of new matching technologies.

中国陆相油气地质理论在世界石油地质学界占有重要学术地位,中国油气资源以陆相为主,中国地质学家成功地勘探开发了复杂的陆相油气,并发展了陆相油气地质理论体系。通过总结20世纪40年代以来陆相油气地质理论的发展历程与理论成就,将陆相油气地质理论的发展历程划分为提出、形成、发展3个阶段,认为中国陆相油气地质理论已经形成基本完善的理论体系,该理论体系由陆相盆地构造理论、陆相盆地沉积与储集层理论、陆相生油理论、陆相油气聚集理论和陆相砂岩油气田开发地质理论等5个部分组成,地质理论具有全球普适性意义。重点总结了近30年伴随中国中西部盆地油气勘探开发的重大发现和产量增长,陆相油气地质理论取得的重大进展,包括中西部挤压背景下陆相盆地构造学、多类型湖盆沉积体系与砾岩/深层等特殊储集层地质、煤成烃等陆相生烃新领域、前陆冲断带与岩性地层油气藏等陆相油气富集规律、陆相非常规油气地质和陆相低渗透油气开发地质等。这些重大进展极大发展和丰富了陆相油气地质理论,成为其重要组成部分。图6表1参90

China’s continental oil and gas geology theory occupies an important academic position in the world's academic circle of petroleum geology. China’s oil and gas resources are dominated by continental resources. Chinese geologists have successfully explored and developed complex continental oil and gas, and developed a continental oil and gas geological theory system. This paper summarizes the development history and theoretical achievements of continental oil and gas geological theory since the 1940s and proposes that the development of this theory should be divided into three stages (i.e., proposal, formation and development). The China’s continental oil and gas geology theory has formed a basically perfect theoretical system consisting of five parts, i.e., continental basin structure, continental lake basin sediments and reservoirs, continental oil generation, continental basin oil and gas accumulation, and continental sandstone oil and gas field development geology. As an advanced geological theory, it has a universal significance globally. This paper focuses on the major discoveries of oil and gas exploration and development and the production growth in the basins of the Central and Western China in the past 30 years as well as the major advances in the continental oil and gas geological theory, including the continental basin tectonics of Central and Western China under the compression background, special reservoir geology such as various types of lake basin sedimentary systems and deep conglomerate, new fields of continental hydrocarbon generation such as coal-generated hydrocarbons, continental oil and gas enrichment regularity such as foreland thrust belts and lithologic-stratigraphic reservoirs, continental unconventional oil and gas geology and continental low-permeability oil and gas development geology. These major advances have greatly developed and enriched the continental oil and gas geology theory and become an important part of it.

向地球深部进军、拓展深层油气资源，对于筑牢中国能源安全的资源基础具有重要的现实与战略意义，也是加大中国油气勘探开发力度的现实领域。在系统总结全球深层油气勘探开发形势和中国深层油气勘探开发进展基础上，深入分析了中国深层油气发展潜力、重点研究领域与科技攻关方向。中国深层油气资源丰富、勘探开发程度低，中西部叠合盆地深层发育的多套油气成藏组合、东部断陷盆地深洼区岩性与前中—新生界古潜山油气藏、深层页岩气等资源潜力巨大，勘探开发前景广阔，是未来重点研究领域。科技攻关方面需加强深层油气形成机制、分布规律及深部流体流动机理研究，开展基于地球物理的深部目标识别与预测、复杂地层条件优快钻井和复杂储层改造等关键技术攻关。同时，大力推动管理创新，进一步加强理论与技术、企业与部门间的协同攻关，加强勘探开发一体化、地质工程一体化的管理和运行，为深层油气高效勘探与有效开发提供有力保障。

It is of great practical and strategic importance to march deeper into the earth to explore deep oil and gas resources and to build up a solid resource base for energy security in China. There is therefore also a pragmatic imperative to increase the intensity of oil and gas exploration and development in China. Based on an exhaustive summary of the global situation in deep oil and gas exploration and development, and the progress that has already been made by China, the development potential, key research fields and scientific and technological research directions of deep oil and gas in China are comprehensively analyzed in this paper. China is rich in deep oil and gas resources, but with a generally low degree of exploration and development. There are many promising exploration and development prospects with great resource potential, such as multiple source-reservoir-cap assemblages in the deep formations of superimposed basins in Central and Western China, deep lithological reservoirs and Pre-Mesozoic-Cenozoic buried-hill reservoirs in fault basins in Eastern China, deep shale gas, etc. These are the principal directions for future exploration and development. It is necessary to strengthen research on the accumulation mechanisms and distribution laws of deep oil and gas, as well as the flow mechanisms of deep fluids, and to carry out key technical research, such as deep target identification and prediction based on geophysics, optimized fast drilling under complex formation conditions, and stimulation technologies for complex reservoirs. At the same time, it is also necessary to vigorously promote innovation in management, further enhance cooperation between theory and technology and between enterprises and departments, and to strengthen the management and operation of exploration-development integration and geology-engineering integration. This will provide strong support for the efficient exploration and development of deep oil and gas resources.

基于油气勘探发现和地质认识进展，从成盆、成烃、成储及成藏的内在地质过程出发，揭示沉积盆地超深层油气的形成与赋存规律并探讨超深层领域的关键科学问题。中国超深层主要经历中新元古代和早古生代2个伸展-聚敛旋回，构造-沉积分异产生空间上相邻的源-储组合；发育丘滩体型、岩溶缝洞型、断溶型、白云岩型和断裂带型等多种类型规模性碳酸盐岩储集体、超压型碎屑岩和基岩裂缝性储集体；油气多期复合成藏，晚期调整定位；油气分布受高能滩带、区域不整合面、古隆起与大型断裂带等的控制；赋存多种成因的天然气和轻质油。超深层油气资源占剩余总资源量的33%，为中国油气勘探的重要接替领域；超深层的大型成藏地质单元与规模富集区带将是持续取得油气大发现的重点方向，勘探前景广阔。超深层油气地质条件和富集区带预测为油气地质学研究的关键科学问题。

为了进一步明确中国陆上深层—超深层领域天然气勘探潜力和有利勘探目标区带分布，以及深层—超深 层天然气勘探面临的主要问题和勘探理论需求，对中国陆上深层—超深层天然气勘探资源概况与勘探进展进行梳理分 析，对中国陆上深层—超深层领域的地质特征、成藏关键要素、天然气资源潜力等进行分类评价。分析认为，中西部 叠合盆地山前带发育的库车、川西、准南等十大前陆冲断带及斜坡区是前陆冲断带领域的重点勘探区带，华北、扬子、 塔里木三大克拉通背景上发育的鄂尔多斯盆地、四川盆地、塔里木盆地古隆起及斜坡区、克拉通内裂陷及台缘带礁滩 等是深层—超深层海相碳酸盐岩领域的重点勘探区带，松辽盆地、渤海湾盆地断陷深层古隆起及斜坡区、基岩潜山是 中—新生代断陷盆地深层—超深层领域的重点勘探区带，深层—超深层火山岩等是重要探索领域。研究认为中国深层— 超深层天然气仍面临一系列问题，需要加强针对性基础攻关研究。

In order to further clarify the natural gas exploration potentials and distribution of favorable targets, analyze the outstanding problems and improve the exploration theories in onshore deep and ultra-deep formations in China, the exploration progresses and resources were reviewed, the geology, key factors on reservoir formation and potentials of natural gas resources were classified and evaluated. Our study shows that: (1) 10 foreland thrust belts and slopes (i.e. Kuqa, West Sichuan, South Junggar, etc.) developed in the piedmont zones of the superimposed basins in mid-western China are key exploration zones in foreland thrust belts; (2) the paleo-uplifts and slopes, intracratonic rifts and platform margin reef beaches in the Ordos Basin, Sichuan Basin and Tarim Basin developed on three major cratons (North China, Yangtze and Tarim) are important deep and ultra-deep marine carbonate rock zones; (3) the deep paleo-uplifts, slopes and bedrock buried hills in the Songliao Basin and the Bohai Bay Basin are deep and ultra-deep targets in Mesozoic-Cenozoic rifted basins; and (4) others like deep and ultradeep volcanic rocks are future exploration targets. More problems should be solved, and more basic researches should be conducted related to exploration of deep and ultra-deep natural gas in China.

塔里木盆地库车坳陷白垩系超深层储层埋深大于6 000 m,地层流体压力系数大于1.6,温度高于130℃,网状缝—垂向缝发育、密度为3~12条/m,基质孔隙度平均为3.8 %,基质渗透率平均为0.128 mD,该套超深层储层目前是天然气增储上产的核心领域。为揭示其形成机制及勘探意义,依据声发射法古应力测试、激光共聚焦显微镜、场发射扫描电镜、电子探针、激光碳氧同位素等实验分析,综合研究表明,超深层储层经历了2类典型成岩叠加效应:强构造挤压效应—强溶蚀—中等埋藏压实—中等胶结效应(克深地区),主要发育裂缝-溶蚀孔型储层;强构造挤压—中等溶蚀—中等埋藏压实—中等胶结效应(大北地区),主要发育裂缝-粒间孔型储层。有效储层成因机制主要为早—中期长期浅埋藏保存孔隙、中晚期膏盐岩顶蓬构造抑制垂向压实、晚期构造侧向挤压形成缝网体系、多期溶蚀作用持续增孔。有效储层主要受岩相、构造挤压和表生溶蚀作用控制,埋深超过8 000 m,厚度一般为80~200 m。储层致密化与油气充注同期,横向叠置连片发育,为区带连片含油气、局部高丰度富集、万亿立方米天然气储量规模提供了有利条件。

The cretaceous ultra-deep reservoirs in Kuqa depression of Tarim Basin are over 6000 m deep, which have the coefficient of formation fluid pressure greater than 1.6 and the formation temperature higher than 130℃. In these ultra-deep reservoirs, netted-vertical fractures are developed at the density of 3-12 items/m, with average matrix porosity and permeability of 3.8 % and 0.128 mD, respectively. This set of ultra-deep reservoirs is presently the core area of in Kuqa depression for increasing reserve and production of natural gas. To elucidate the formation mechanism and exploration significance of ultra-deep reservoirs in Kuqa depression, experimental analysis was carried out through a combination of acoustic emission, confocal microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe, and laser carbon and oxygen isotope techniques. Results indicated that the ultra-deep reservoirs experienced two types of typical superposition effect of diagenesis: 1) strong structure extrusion-strong dissolution-moderate buried compaction-moderate cementation in the Keshen zone associated with the development of fracture-dissolved pore reservoirs; and 2) strong structure extrusion-strong dissolution-moderate dissolution-moderate buried compaction-moderate cementation in the Dabei zone associated with the development of fracture-intergranular pore reservoirs. Effective reservoirs were formed mainly through the following mechanisms: In the early-mid stage, long-term shallow burial preserved pores; in the mid-late stage, internal suspended top structure of gypsum-salt rocks restrained vertical compaction; in the late stage, lateral tectonic extrusion formed the seam-net system; and multi-staged dissolution continuously increased pores. The effective reservoirs were controlled by lithofacies, tectonic extrusion and supergene dissolution, with the depth over 8 000 m and a thickness generally between 80 and 200 m. Reservoir densification and hydrocarbon filling concurrently occurred and lateral superposition continuously developed, providing favorable conditions for the formation of continuous petroliferous zones, local hydrocarbon accumulation with high abundance, and natural gas reserves on the scale of thousand-billion square meters.

库车坳陷具有丰富的天然气资源，继克拉2大气田发现后，近年来在克拉苏断裂下盘克深区带发现了大北、克深等大型气田。以克深、大北大气田为例，详细论述了克拉苏盐下深层大气田的形成机制与富集规律，认为侏罗系—三叠系煤系烃源岩5Ma以来生气强度和生气速率达到极大值［高达（160~320）×10⁸m³/km2和15~20mg/(g_TOC·Ma)］，为高效气源灶。克拉苏冲断带叠置在供烃中心之上，充足的气源是大北—克深气田天然气富集的物质基础。区域性巨厚膏盐岩盖层限制构造冲断突破、有效保护储层、高效保存油气，是盐下油气富集的重要保证。克深—大北分层滑脱收缩变形，盐下冲断叠瓦构造成排成带，广泛分布的低孔砂岩储层，为天然气富集提供了有利空间。克深—大北地区盐下深层构造的形成与区域构造挤压关系密切，主要是晚喜马拉雅期强烈冲断挤压形成，上新世—第四纪是克拉苏构造带形成的主要时期，主体构造基本都是在库车组中晚期定型；而生烃史研究也表明烃源岩主要生气期在库车组沉积以来，主生气期与构造定型期的良好匹配决定了克拉苏冲断带盐下晚期高效成藏，是该区深层形成大气田的重要原因。

<p>It is well known that there were rich gas resources in Kuqa Depression.Since the discovery of Kela-2 large gas field,Dabei gas field and Keshen gas field have been discovered in the down block of Kelasu fault in Keshen structural zone.Taking Keshen and Dabei gas fields as an example,formation mechanism and enrichment regularities of Kelasu subsalt deep large gas field were discussed in detail in this paper.It was considered that the Jurassic-Triassic coal-measure source rocks were a high effective gas kitchen,gas generation intensity and rate reached the maximum (corresponding to (160-320)&times;10⁸m³/km² and 15-20mg/g_TOC&middot;Ma,respectively) in recent 5Ma.Kelasu structural zone overlapped the hydrocarbon supplying centers,and sufficient gas source supplied a material basis for gas accumulation of Dabei-Keshen gas field.Regionally distributed thick gypsum rock restricted structure thrust breakthrough,protected reservoirs effectively and preserved oil and gas with high-efficiency,which provided an important assurance.Bedding-delamination contractional deformation,subsalt imbricated thrust structures and widely distributed low porosity sandstone reservoir provided a favorable storage space for oil and gas accumulation in Dabei-Keshen area.The formation of subsalt deep structure is related to compressional deformation as a result of later Himalayan episodic strong thrust compression.Pliocene-Quaternary is the main stage for the formation of Kelasu structural zone and the main structure finalized in Middle-Later Kuqa Formation.Gas generation history research showed the main gas generation stage began in sedimentary period of Kuqa Formation.Later high-efficiency oil and gas accumulation of Kelasu subsalt structural zone was determined by a better match of main gas generation stage and structure forming stage,which is an important reason for the formation of deep large gas field in Kelasu play zone.</p>

利用测井、岩心、薄片及孔渗数据，对库车前陆冲断带白垩系巴什基奇克组砂岩储层特征进行垂向对比分析发现，由上到下，储层物性显著变差。通过分析构造应力与成岩作用及储层物性之间的关系表明，构造挤压作用下，地层褶皱变形，由上到下，从局部张应力过渡为压扭应力，应力值逐渐增大；上部发育张裂缝，裂缝数量多、开度大，下部发育剪裂缝，裂缝数量少、开度小；受构造应力与裂缝影响，由上到下，储层压实增强，压实减孔量相差2%~3%，溶蚀变弱，溶蚀增孔量相差1%~2%，从而造成储层物性垂向分异。因此，储层垂向差异分布受构造挤压显著控制。认识构造挤压对储层垂向分布的控制，对深入理解成岩控制因素及预测挤压型盆地有利储层发育层段均具有重要意义。

Various data including well logging,cores,thin sections,porosity and permeability were used to analyze the vertical variation of Bashijiqike sandstone reservoir in Kuqa foreland thrust belt.The Bashijiqike reservoir property becomes obviously worse from up to down.The relationship between tectonic stress,diagenesis,and pore development showed,the local tensile stress turned into torsional stress and the tectonic stress size gradually increased from up to down under the tectonic compression.Tension fissures with large fracture opening width are developed,whereas,fracture number decreases and shear fissures with small fracture opening width relatively increase down to the lower Bashijiqike Formation.Compaction enhances and dissolution decreases with the increase of tectonic stress size and development of fewer fractures,the reduced porosity by compaction and enhanced porosity by dissolution are approximately 2%-3% and 1%-2% respectively.So,the vertical difference is primarily determined by tectonic compression.The results help to further understand the diagenesis,and predict favorable reservoir distribution in compressional basins.

塔里木盆地库车坳陷北部构造带侏罗系是“十三五”油气勘探的重点接替领域，根据全国第四次资源评价，该带具有5.65×10⁸t油气当量的资源量，但资源探明程度只有3.7%。为明确中下侏罗统的勘探方向、有利区带和圈闭类型，开展了基于露头、钻井及测井资料的沉积微相及砂体构型研究。明确了中下侏罗统发育宽缓湖盆湖侵背景下的辫状河三角洲平原—前缘—滨浅湖沉积体系，其中阿合组沉积辫状河三角洲上平原大型辫状河道巨厚砂体，阳霞组、克孜勒努尔组沉积辫状河三角洲下平原—前缘中小型河道中薄层砂体。建立了3种有利成藏的砂体建筑模型，提出了阿合组辫状河三角洲平原上河道垂向加积砂体是构造油气藏勘探领域；阳霞组辫状河三角洲平原下河道横向叠瓦状砂体和克孜勒努尔组前缘水道侧积透镜状砂体是构造—岩性、岩性油气藏勘探领域。吐格尔明背斜东、北及西翼部克孜勒努尔组和阳霞组构造—岩性油气藏最有利，优选了构造翼部有利面积700km²。迪北斜坡带平台区构造油气藏最有利，阿合组储层孔隙度平均为5.6%，渗透率平均为0.75×10^-3μm²，有利面积可达750km²。为北部构造带中东段中下侏罗统优选有利方向和油气圈闭勘探类型提供了可靠证据。

Jurassic of northern structural belt in Kuqa is “the 13^th five-year plan” oil and gas exploration areas of focus to replace, according to national fourth time resource evaluation, the belt has a 565 million tons of oil equivalent of resources, but the resources to carry out the degree of only 3.7%. In order to clarify the exploration direction, favorable zone and trap type of the Middle and Lower Jurassic, a study on sedimentary microfacies and sand body configuration based on outcrop, drilling and logging is carried out. This paper clarified that the Middle-Lower Jurassic develops braided river delta plain-front-shore and shallow lake sedimentary system under the lacustrine invasion background of wide and gentle lake basin, among which the Ahe Formation deposited large scale braided channel giant sand body of the braided river delta upper plain, and Yangxia and Kezilenur Formations deposited medium-small channel medium-thin layer sand body of the lower plain-front of the braided river delta. In this paper, three kinds of sand body building models are established, and the vertical accretion sand body in the upper plain of the Ahe Formation is constructed. In the lower plain of Yangxia Formation, the transverse sand body of the river and the lateral channel of the leading edge of the Kezilenur are tectonic - lithology and lithologic oil and gas reservoir. It is advantageous to construct lithologic oil and gas reservoirs in the low-amplitude tectonic zone in the east, north and west wing of Tugeerming. The lithologic oil and gas reservoirs are second in the tectonic wing. The optimum area of the construction wing area is 700km².The structure of the platform area of the Dibei slope zone is the most favorable. The porosity of the reservoir is 5.6%, with an average permeability of 0.75×10^-3μm² and a favorable area of 750km². It provides reliable basis for the selection of favorable direction for the Middle-Lower Jurassic in the middle east section of the northern tectonic belt and the tectonic and lithological reservoirs in the large ancient uplift and slope background.

深层&mdash;超深层已经成为国内外油气资源发展的最重要领域之一，资源潜力巨大。以构造活动为驱动力的构造动力成岩作用与储层的成因机理有着密切关系，控制着储层的形成、演化和空间分布。通过综述近十余年的主要研究进展，明确了储层构造动力成岩作用的概念和内涵，剖析了当前和未来研究的关键点及其对超深层油气的地质意义。储层构造动力成岩作用是沉积岩层在从松散沉积物到固结形成沉积岩石直至遭受浅变质前的过程中所发生的构造活动与成岩作用的耦合，主要研究沉积物沉积以后构造变形与沉积物的物理、化学变化的相互作用关系，其关键驱动力是构造作用（包括挤压、伸展和走滑），可以发生在弱成岩&mdash;固结成岩和构造抬升-剥露的各个时期。储层构造动力成岩作用研究的关键在于厘清3个关系：构造成岩作用与储层致密化、裂缝化的量化关系；构造成岩作用与流体-岩石相互作用的耦合关系；构造成岩作用与储层断层带、裂缝带的时空关系。储层构造动力成岩作用在多学科交叉、多方法融合和多领域应用的基础上逐步形成了新的地质理论体系和技术方法系列，可为认识超深层碳酸盐岩储层、低孔裂缝型砂岩储层、规模优质砂岩储层、非常规储层的形成机理提供地质理论基础，还可为复杂储层质量评价预测、天然裂缝及其有效性评价提供有效途径和技术方法。

Deep and ultra-deep layers have become one of the most important areas for the development of domestic and foreign oil and gas resources, with huge resources potential. Tectonic diagenesis, driven by tectonic activity, is closely related to the genetic mechanism of reservoirs, and controls the formation, evolution and spatial distribution of reservoirs. By summarizing the main research progress in the past 10 years, this paper clarifies the concept and connotation of tectonic diagenesis on reservoir, and analyzes the key points of current and future researches and their geological significance for ultra-deep oil and gas exploration. Tectonic diagenesis on reservoir is the coupling of tectonic activity and diagenesis of sedimentary strata in the process from loose sediments to the sedimentary rock through consolidation before undergoing low grade metamorphism. The researches of structural diagenesis mainly focus on the interaction between structural deformation and physical and chemical changes of sediments after sedimentation. The key driving force is tectonism (including compression, extension and strike-slip), which can occur in various periods of weak diagenesis, consolidation diagenesis, tectonic uplift and exhumation. The key to the research of tectonic diagenesis on reservoir is to clarify three relationships:the quantitative relationship between structural diagenesis, reservoir densification and fracturing; the coupling relationship between structural diagenesis and fluid-rock interaction; the temporal and spatial relationship between structural diagenesis and reservoir fault zone and fracture zone. New series of geological theory systems and technical methods of tectonic diagenesis on reservoir has been established on the basis of multi-discipline, multi-method fusion and multi-field application. This can provide a geological theoretical basis for understanding the formation mechanisms of carbonate reservoirs, low-porosity fractured sandstone reservoirs, large-scale high-quality sandstone reservoirs and unconventional reservoirs and can also provide effective ways and technical methods for evaluation and prediction the quality of complex reservoirs, as well as the evalutaiton of natural fractures and their effectiveness.

The buried depth of the gas-producing reservoir in the Kuqa foreland thrust belt of the Tarim Basin exceeds 6000 m. The average matrix porosity of the reservoir is 5.5%, and the average matrix permeability is 0.128 x 10(-3) mu m(2). In order to reveal the characteristics and effectiveness of ultra-deep fractures and their effects on reservoir properties and natural gas production, outcrops, cores, thin section, image logs and production testing data are used to investigate the effectiveness of tectonic fractures in ultra-deep reservoirs in the Kuqa foreland thrust zone, and the corresponding geological significance for oil and gas exploration and development are discussed. Tectonic fractures in the thrust belt include EW-trending high-angle tensile fractures and NS-trending vertical shear fractures. The former has a relatively high filling rate, while the latter is mostly unfilled. Micro-fractures are usually grain-piercing-through cracks with width of 10-100 microns. In the planar view, the effective fractures are concentrated in the high part and wing zones of the long axis of the anticline, and along the vertical direction, they are mainly found in the tensile fracture zone above the neutral plane. The adjustment fracture zone has the strongest vertical extension abilities and high effectiveness, followed by the nearly EW longitudinal tensile fracture zone, and the netted fracture zone with multiple dip angles. The effectiveness of fracture is mainly controlled by fracture aperture and filling degrees. Effective fractures can increase reservoir permeability by 1-2 orders of magnitude. The higher part of the anticline is associated with high tectonic fracture permeability, which control enrichment and high production of natural gas. The netted vertical open fractures effectively communicate with pores and throats of the reservoir matrix, which forms an apparent-homogenous to medium-heterogeneous body that is seen with high production of natural gas sustained for a long term.

塔里木盆地库车坳陷克拉苏构造带克探1井在白垩系亚格列木组下段砂砾岩获得重大突破，实现了“克拉之下找克拉”的构想，对白垩系深层勘探具有重要意义。通过对克探1井成藏条件、储层特征、构造模型的深入研究，明确了克拉苏构造带侏罗系—三叠系供烃、白垩系亚格列木组裂缝型砂砾岩成储、上覆白垩系舒善河组泥岩成盖的生储盖组合，并建立了“下生上储、垂向输导、立体成藏”新模式。克探1井的成功钻探，证实了克拉苏构造带白垩系巴什基奇克组之下仍具备优越的储盖组合，并且越向深层靠近烃源岩，成藏条件越有利。同时亚格列木组断背斜圈闭成排成带，展示出巨大的勘探潜力，可形成新的天然气战略接替区。

A major breakthrough has been obtained in the glutenite reservoir in the lower member of the Cretaceous Yagelem Formation in Well Ketan 1 located in Kela 2 trap of Kelasu Structural Belt in Tarim Basin, realizing the idea of “discovering another Kela gas field below Kela Gas Field”, which is of great significance to the exploration of the deep Cretaceous. The in-depth study of hydrocarbon accumulation conditions, reservoir physical properties and structural model in Well Ketan 1 is conducted, which supports to identify the hydrocarbon accumulation assemblage of “hydrocarbon supply by source rock in the Jurassic-Triassic, fractured type sandstone reservoir in Yagelem Formation,and mudstone cap rock in Shushanhe Formation” and establish a new hydrocarbon accumulation pattern of “lower generation and upper storage,vertical transport and stereoscopic accumulation” in Kelasu Structural Belt. The successful drilling of Well Ketan1 confirms that there is superior reservoir-cap rock assemblage below the Cretaceous Bashijiqik Formation in Kelasu Structural Belt, and the hydrocarbon accumulation conditions are more favorable when approaching to the deep source rock. In addition, the fault-anticline traps in Yagelem Formation are developed in rows and belts, which show great resource potential and can form a new strategic replacement area for gas exploration.

塔里木盆地勘探面积广阔、油气资源量大、探明程度较低，是"十四五"（2021—2025年）规划中国油气增储上产的最重要压舱石之一。塔里木盆地的勘探研究面临着诸多世界级难题，如古老海相烃源灶、超深规模储层、超深层油气赋存、超长油气藏演化等，这些因素严重制约了塔里木盆地的整体效益勘探。基于近两年的露头、钻井、地球物理、分析测试等资料，对塔里木盆地油气勘探新领域、新类型中成藏关键要素的耦合模式和资源潜力开展了系统分析。研究结果表明：塔里木盆地主要发育台盆区寒武系盐下、奥陶系、石炭系、前陆区古生界—新生界4套区域性储-盖组合及含油气系统，其中，库车坳陷白垩系亚格列木组、库车坳陷南斜坡迎烃面古生界潜山、库车坳陷北部构造带（迪北地区）侏罗系致密气断缝体、塔西南地区石炭系—二叠系、台盆区寒武系盐下台缘带及阿瓦提凹陷西缘寒武系、台盆区奥陶系断溶体是油气勘探最重要的新领域新类型。库车前陆区古生界潜山及中生界的近源油气资源量巨大，其中，温宿—佳木地区古潜山的石油资源量超过2×10⁸t、天然气资源量约为600×10⁸m³，白垩系亚格列木组的天然气资源量约为10 500×10⁸m³、石油资源量超过4 300×10⁴t，北部构造带侏罗系阿合组的天然气资源量近2.6×10¹²m³、石油资源量约为1.3×10⁸t。台盆区寒武系盐下台缘带的天然气资源量近1.8×10¹²m³；阿瓦提凹陷西缘的天然气资源量约为4 400×10⁸m³、石油资源量约为1.4×10⁸t；富满—顺北地区奥陶系断溶体的油气资源量近32×10⁸t油当量。新领域、新类型油气勘探突破带来的地质和资源潜力新认识可为后续持续高效的勘探奠定稳定基础。

Tarim Basin is characterized by vast exploration areas, large amount of oil-gas reserves, and relatively low degree of exploration. It plays a crucial role as one of the key drivers for China's domestic oil-gas reserves and production during the "14th Five-Year Plan". However, numerous world-class challenges are encountered in the exploration of Tarim Basin, such as ancient marine source rocks, ultra-deep reservoirs, the occurrence of hydrocarbons in ultra-deep reservoirs, as well as the long-term evolution of oil-gas reservoirs, which significantly limit the overall efficiency of exploration in Tarim Basin. Through an integrated approach that combines the data of outcrops, well drilling, geophysics, and testing over the past two years, this paper systematically analyzes the coupling model of key factors for the new types of hydrocarbon accumulation in new prospecting fields of Tarim Basin, as well as resource potential in the study area. The research indicates that Tarim Basin mainly developed four regional reservoir-cap combinations and hydrocarbon systems, including Cambrian pre-salt, Ordovician, and Carboniferous reservoirs in the platform area of basin, as well as the Paleozoic to Cenozoic reservoirs in the foreland area. The most important new areas and types are shown as below:the Lower Cretaceous Yageliemu Formation in Kuqa depression, the Paleozoic buried hills on the south slope of Kuqa depression, the Jurassic tight gas fault-fracture bodies in the northern tectonic belt (Dibei area) of Kuqa depression, the Carboniferous-Permian strata in the southwest Tarim Basin, the Lower Cambrian platform margin belt in platform area and the Cambrian in the west margin of Awati sag, as well as Ordovician fault-karst bodies in the platform area. The near-source oil-gas resources in the Paleozoic buried hills and the Mesozoic of Kuqa foreland basin have enormous potential. The amount of oil and gas resources can reach 2×10⁸t and 600× 10⁸m³ in the paleo buried hills of Wensu-Jiamu area, respectively. The amount of gas and oil resources in the Cretaceous Yageliemu Formation is about 10 500×10⁸m³ and 4 300×10⁴t, respectively. In the northern tectonic belt of Kuqa depression, the natural gas and oil resources of the Jurassic Ahe Formation possess 2.6×10¹²m³ and 1.3×10⁸t, respectively. The Lower Cambrian pre-salt platform margin belt in the platform area contains 1.78×10¹²m³ of natural gas. The gas and oil resources are 4 400×10⁸m³ and 1.4×10⁸t in the west margin of Awati sag, respectively. The Ordovician fault-karst bodies has around 32×10⁸t of oil equivalent in the Fuman-Shunbei area. The insights into geological and resource potential gained from breakthroughs in exploring new fields and types of oil-gas resources can lay a solid foundation for further efficient exploration in the future.

The PetroChina has continuously made a number of major oil and gas discoveries and implemented a number of large-scale reserves in the field of deep-ultradeep clastic rocks,demonstrating the huge exploration potential in this field.Based on the exploration progress and geological cognition obtained,combined with the characteristics of onshore oil and gas basins in China,the deep-ultradeep clastic rock domain could be divided into three types:foreland basin,graben basin and depression basin,and the scale distribution of deep effective source rocks and the characteristics of riching in oil especially gas are revealed.The new recognitions that four formation mechanisms control the development of deep high-quality clastic reservoirs and deep reservoir-forming factors are well configured are also proposed from the research.Combining the basic geological understanding of deep clastic rocks,source rock and resource potential,effective reservoir distribution and reservoir-controlling factors of deep clastic rocks,four major directions for future research are proposed:(1)Strengthen research on deep geological structure,sedimentary filling and tectonic evolution,determine favorable reservoir combination and their plane distribution.(2)Strengthen the evaluation of main hydrocarbon source rock distribution,and objectively estimate the deep resource potential,then determine the favorable resource enrichment area.(3)Strengthen researches on the formation,preservation mechanism and distribution law of different types of reservoirs,and implement the vertical layer distribution and plane distribution of large-scale effective reservoirs.(4)Strengthen analysis of the control factors,preservation mechanism,and trap evaluation of oil and gas reservoirs,implement favorable zones from priority areas,and determine drilling targets.Based on the distribution characteristics of the remaining resources and exploration understanding,ten zones in the deep-ultradeep clastic rock field of the three types of basins are selected as the next key exploration targets.The estimated resource potential is nearly 3 billion tons of oil and over 7 trillion cubic meters of natural gas.

塔里木盆地致密砂岩油气的勘探面积广阔、资源量大、探明程度较低,烃源灶分布、复杂储层预测和油气成藏模式等问题制约了致密油气藏的整体效益勘探开发。基于露头剖面、实验分析、地球物理和测井测试等资料,对塔里木盆地前陆区和台盆区致密砂岩油气藏的新领域和资源潜力开展了详细分析。研究结果表明:库车坳陷致密砂岩油气新领域主要为白垩系亚格列木组中层—厚层含砾砂岩和中侏罗统克孜勒努尔组中层—厚层砂岩,构造-岩性油气藏在纵向上邻近侏罗系—三叠系烃源岩,在横向上毗邻克拉苏构造带生烃中心;塔西南昆仑山前致密砂岩油气藏新领域主要为二叠系普斯格组中层—薄层砂岩,构造-岩性油气藏在纵向上紧邻普斯格组上段优质烃源岩,在横向上毗邻柯东构造带生烃中心;台盆区致密砂岩油气藏新领域主要为志留系柯坪塔格组中层—薄层砂岩,构造-岩性油气藏在纵向上通过深大断裂输导由寒武系—奥陶系优质烃源岩生成的油气,在横向上毗邻阿瓦提凹陷生烃中心。库车坳陷克拉苏构造带北翼和东秋—迪那构造带致密油气藏圈闭的累计面积为1 830 km²,天然气的资源量为16 625×10⁸m³;塔西南坳陷柯东构造带致密油气的有利圈闭面积近301 km²,预测天然气的地质资源量为2 930×10⁸m³、凝析油的地质资源量为 2×10⁸t;阿瓦提凹陷西北缘柯坪塔格组致密油气的有利勘探区面积达4 320 km²,预测天然气资源量为7 076×10⁸m³、石油资源量为7 817×10⁴t。塔里木盆地致密油气勘探新领域和资源潜力可为盆地的持续高效勘探夯实基础。

The tight sandstone oil and gas in Tarim Basin is characterized with wide exploration area, large-scale reserves, and low proportion of proved reserves, and also faces the problems of hydrocarbon source distribution, complex reservoir prediction, as well as oil and gas accumulation mode, which restrict the overall profitable exploration and development of tight reservoirs. Based on outcrop profile, experimental analysis, geophysical and well logging data, a detailed analysis is performed on the new fields and resource potential of tight sandstone reservoirs in forelands and basins. The results show that the new fields of tight sandstone oil and gas in Kuqa depression are dominated by the medium to thick gravel sandstones of the Cretaceous Yageliemu Formation and the medium to thick sandstones of the Middle Jurassic Kezilenuer Formation, forming the structural-lithologic reservoirs longitudinally adjacent to high-quality source rocks in the Upper Member of Pusige Formation, and transversely adjacent to structural-lithological hydrocarbon reservoirs in the hydrocarbon generating center of Awati sag. In the north wing of the Kelasu structural belt and the Dongqiu-Dina structural belt in Kuqa depression, the cumulative area of tight oil and gas traps is 1 830 km² for tight oil and gas, and the predicted natural gas resource is 16 625×10⁸m³. The favorable trap area of tight oil and gas in Kedong structural belt of southwest depression of Tarim Basin is 301 square kilometers, and the natural gas geological resources are estimated to be about 2 930×10⁸m³ and the condensate oil geological resources are about 2×10⁸t. The favorable area of tight oil and gas in Kepingtage Formation in the northwest margin of Awati sag is 4 320 km², the natural gas resources are estimated to be 7 076×10⁸m³, and oil resources are 7 817×10⁴t. New fields and resource potential provide a solid foundation for sustained and efficient hydrocarbon exploration.

基于塔里木盆地库车坳陷超深层陆相碎屑岩近几年取得的重要勘探进展，开展新一轮油气地质综合研究。形成4点地质认识：①建立多滑脱层复合、多期构造叠加、多层构造变形的“3多”构造模型，多期构造圈闭纵向叠置，下伏超深层发现系列构造圈闭；②三叠系—侏罗系发育3类有机相5套规模优质烃源岩，与3套区域储盖层构成超深层良好生储盖组合；③源岩、储层、盖层、断层等4因素控制大油气田的形成，根据其空间配置关系建立了库车坳陷超深层碎屑岩立体成藏新模式；④库车坳陷超深层碎屑岩下步重点油气勘探领域包括常规和非常规油气两类，常规油气领域包括克拉苏深层多层系立体油气聚集带、北部构造带侏罗系阿合组致密砂岩气、中秋—迪那构造带多目的层岩性油气藏、南斜坡岩性地层+潜山复合型油气藏等有利区；非常规油气领域包括侏罗系克孜勒努尔组、阳霞组和三叠系塔里奇克组深层煤岩气和中下侏罗统、上三叠统深层陆相页岩气。上述认识对于丰富超深层碎屑岩油气勘探理论，指导下步油气勘探部署，具有重要的借鉴意义。

在区域构造、盆地演化与沉积充填特征分析的基础上，对天山南、北缘地震大剖面进行了精细构造变形几何学与年代学的解析。揭示出中&mdash;新生代以来天山南、北缘虽然具有相似的构造演化过程、沉积充填特征和油气地质条件，但是受沉积地层介质的力学性质差异和印&mdash;藏碰撞远距离效应的空间位置差异的影响，天山南、北缘新生代构造变形启动的时间与构造变形样式存在明显的差异，并在一定程度上导致油气聚集的不同。新生代天山隆升并向两侧扩展，冲断构造沿滑脱层向克拉通盆地内传播，构造形成的时间从造山带向克拉通方向依次变晚。库车前陆冲断带的构造变形时间早于准南，因此库车冲断带内构造圈闭的油气充注时间长、充满程度高，容易形成高丰度大型气藏。库车冲断带盐下发育多个切过中生界煤系烃源岩的逆冲断层，它们不仅控制了多个褶皱侧向上台阶状叠置，形成盐下堆垛的构造样式，而且成为深部中生界油气向浅层运移聚集的通道；膏盐岩保证了盐下构造圈闭的完整性和封盖条件。准南冲断带主要的构造变形样式是层间滑脱与构造位移量反向冲断的楔形构造，水平滑脱断层封隔了上、下含油气系统，限制深部油气向中浅层运移；大型背斜内部发育多个小型叠置的楔形构造，破坏了构造圈闭的完整性。因此准南山前东端隐伏的燕山期古构造与二、三排新生代构造核部以及库车秋里塔格西段中生界印支期古构造和克拉苏&mdash;依奇克里克新生代较早形成的构造带是成藏的有利部位；库车盐下储盖组合是油气富集的有效构造层，准南深层中生界中的大型、完整的构造圈闭是油气勘探大突破的场所。

Based on characteristics of regional tectonic settings，basin evolution and depositional infilling and by means of geometrically and chronologically refined structural interpretation of macroscopy seismic profiles, the present paper revealed both the similarities in tectonic evolutional settings, depositional infilling processes and petroleum geology conditions in the southern and northern edges of the Tianshan Mountain since Mesozoic and Cenozoic, and the differences in oil-gas accumulations that were resulted from distinct diversities in the start-up time and patterns of the Cenozoic structural deformation due to impacts brought about by the discrepancies both in mechanics properties of depositional strata and in dimensional positions of the long-distance effect produced by the Indo-Tibet collision. In Cenozoic, the Tianshan Mountain uplifted and extended bilaterally with thrust structures propagating from the orogen into craton basins along decollement layers, therefore, the start-up time of structural deformation became sequentially younger from the orogen to craton basins. Compared with the southern Junggar Basin(the northern edge of the Tianshan Mountain), the Kuqa thrust-folded belt(the southern edge of the Tianshan Mountain) had an earlier time of structural deformation, therefore, structural traps in the Kuqu thrust-folded belt experienced longer and stronger hydrocarbon charging, readily forming large-scale and high-quality gas reservoirs. In the Kuqa Basin, the subsalt strata developed several thrust faults that cut the Mesozoic coal-series source rock and controlled many folds to form structural patterns of subsalt tiers by laterally stepped superposition, and they also acted as pathways for hydrocarbons from the deep Mesozoic source rock to shallow reservoirs, where gypso-salt rocks guaranteed the integrality and sealing-and-capping conditions of subsalt structural traps. Patterns of structural deformation in the southern Junggar Basin were dominated by interlayer decollement faults and wedge structures, of which horizontal decollement faults isolated the upper and lower petroleum systems and prevented deep hydrocarbons from migrating upward, while many small-scale and superposed wedge structures developed within mega-anticlines and destroyed the integrality of structural traps. Therefore, the Yanshan paleo-structures buried at the eastern terminal of the piedmont zone and the second and third rows of the Cenozoic structural belt in the southern Junggar Basin, and Mesozoic Indo-China paleo-structures in the western Qiulitage belt and the Cenozoic Kelasu-Yiqikelike structural belt of the Kuqa Basin were targeted as favorable place for petroleum exploration, the presalt reservoir-caprock assemblages in the Kuqa Basin were regarded as effective structures for hydrocarbon accumulations and the large-scale, complete structural traps in deep Mesozoic strata of the southern Junggar Basin were of potential to make a great breakthrough of hydrocarbon exploration.

针对准噶尔盆地南缘前陆冲断带地层超压在纵向和横向上的差异分布问题,开展超压成因判识、超压演化模拟研究。利用实测地层压力、钻井液密度、测井等资料和超压成因判识及超压演化模拟技术,分析超压在纵向上和横向上的分布规律,讨论不同构造带超压成因机制及超压在纵横向上差异分布的原因,探讨超压发育演化对油气藏形成和分布的控制作用。研究表明,准南前陆冲断带超压在纵向上多层系发育、越深超压规模越大,横向上超压在山前带最不发育,褶皱背斜带最发育、斜坡区较发育。超压差异分布主要受控于不同区带的不均衡压实作用和构造挤压作用强度的差异。沟通深部超压层系的断层造成的超压传递作用对该区超压幅度的进一步增大有重要贡献。超压形成演化对油气成藏和分布的控制作用,具体表现在：当强超压形成于储集层致密化之前,超压对深层储集层物性具有一定保持作用,拓展了深层&#x02014;超深层的勘探深度;古近系安集海河组和下白垩统吐谷鲁群超压泥岩盖层之下是油气规模富集的主要场所;在总体超压的背景下,超压强度太高或太低均不利于油气富集与保存,压力系数以1.6~2.1最好。

准噶尔盆地南缘冲断带经历了多期、复杂的盆山耦合和盆山转换过程，构造变形复杂，勘探难度大。自新近系独山子油田发现以来，历经70多年的勘探研究，并未发现大型油气田。近年来，油气勘探逐步转向下白垩统吐谷鲁群泥岩与底砂岩及侏罗系砂岩形成的下部成藏组合（下组合），通过系统梳理南缘冲断带下组合的地质构造特征与油气圈闭成藏条件，明确了深层碎屑岩油气田的分布规律和勘探方向。综合研究认为：①南缘冲断带发育古近系、白垩系、侏罗系、三叠系、二叠系等多套烃源岩，其中，侏罗系主力烃源岩厚度大、埋藏深且处于高成熟—过成熟热演化阶段。②南缘冲断带下组合发育继承性4大物源体系，其中，白垩系清水河组发育高效储层，厚度为20~80 m，侏罗系喀拉扎组、头屯河组、三工河组和八道湾组发育多套规模储层，厚度为200~400 m。③南缘冲断带白垩系吐谷鲁群发育巨厚泥岩，厚度为500~2 000 m，压力高，封堵性好。④南缘冲断带发育大规模继承型背斜群，圈闭具有面积大、勘探程度低的特点，目前已落实目标圈闭22个，累计面积为1 735 km²；根据南缘冲断带不同的构造样式可将成藏类型细化为呼图壁背斜型、东湾背斜型、吐谷鲁背斜型等多种类型。⑤南缘冲断带下组合的烃源岩、储层、圈闭、盖层等在空间上和时间上的成藏配置关系好，圈闭形成早，构造形成期与主力烃源岩的生、排烃高峰期相匹配，喜马拉雅期的构造活动对侏罗系改造弱，保存条件好，具备形成大油气田的成藏基础。综合源、储、圈、盖等诸多有利条件锁定有利目标，先后部署上钻的GT1井、HT1井和TW1井均获得了油气发现。南缘冲断带将成为准噶尔盆地油气勘探的战略接替区。

The thrust belt at the southern margin of Junggar Basin has experienced multiple stages of complex basin-range coupling and transition, as well as complex tectonic deformation, leading to great difficulty in hydrocarbon exploration. Since the discovery of the Neogene Dushanzi oilfield, no large-scale oil and gas fields have been discovered after more than 70 years of exploration and investigation. In recent years, the focus has gradually turned to oil-gas exploration in the lower hydrocarbon accumulation assemblage (lower assemblage) formed by the Lower Cretaceous Tugulu Group mudstone and basal sandstone as well as the Jurassic sandstone. By systematically summarizing the characteristics of geological structure, oil-gas entrapment and accumulation conditions of the lower assemblage in the thrust belt at the southern margin of Junggar Basin, thus making clear the distribution laws and exploration direction of deep clastic oil and gas fields. The comprehensive study shows as follows. (1) The thrust belt at the southern margin develops several sets of source rocks in Paleogene, Cretaceous, Jurassic, Triassic and Permian formations, among which the main Jurassic source rocks are thick, deeply buried and in the stage of high mature to over mature thermal evolution. (2) The lower assemblage in the thrust belt develops 4 inherited provenance systems. In particular, the Cretaceous Qingshuihe Formation develops high-efficient reservoirs with a thickness of 20-80 m, and the Jurassic Karaza Formation, Toutunhe Formation, Sangonghe Formation, and Badaowan Formation develop several sets of large-scale reservoirs with a thickness of 200-400 m. (3) The Cretaceous Tugulu Group in the thrust belt develops ultra-thick mudstone with a thickness of 500-2 000 m, characterized with high pressure and good sealing. (4) The thrust belt develops large-scale inherited anticline groups, and a large area of traps with low exploration degree. At present, 22 target traps have been identified, with a cumulative area of 1 735 km²; according to different tectonic styles of the thrust belt, the hydrocarbon accumulation mode can be subdivided into various types, involving Hutubi anticline, Dongwan anticline, and Tugulu anticline. (5) The lower assemblage in the thrust belt has a good spatial-temporal accumulation and configuration relationship among its source rocks, reservoirs, cap rocks and traps, where traps are early formed, and the tectonic formation period is matched with the peak period of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion of the main source rocks. The tectonic activity in Himalayan stage led to weak reconstruction of the Jurassic reservoir and good preservation conditions, which laid the material foundation for the formation of large oil and gas fields. By integrating various favorable conditions of source rocks, reservoirs, traps, and cap rocks, favorable targets are identified, and Well GT1, Well HT1, and Well TW1 deployed for drilling all have achieved oil and gas discoveries. The thrust belt at the southern margin will become a strategic replacement area for oil-gas exploration in Junggar Basin.

针对准噶尔盆地南缘深层钻井少、地震成像复杂、勘探程度低而导致的原型盆地岩相古地理研究困难、沉积砂体展布范围可信度低的问题,基于源-汇思想,使用新方法开展岩相古地理恢复与砂砾岩体分布预测研究,应用磷灰石裂变径迹年龄确定宏观物源区范围与隆升时间;依据砾石径与搬运距离定量关系、构造缩短量等地质参数,恢复物源区范围、湖岸线迁移过程;开展钻井岩心与野外露头沉积构造等分析,编制岩相古地理演化与砂砾岩体分布范围系列图件。早侏罗世&#x02014;早白垩世,准噶尔盆地南缘物源区范围由南向北逐步扩大,湖盆经历扩张&#x02014;萎缩&#x02014;扩张、古气候经历潮湿&#x02014;干旱&#x02014;潮湿的演化过程。西段一直发育来自南部古天山物源的近源扇三角洲沉积,中段与东段物源区具有由远源到近源的演化特征,主要发育河流&#x02014;三角洲、辫状河三角洲、扇三角洲等沉积;西段与中段物源区的分界线推测为红车断裂带。恢复出的古湖岸线与现今盆地边缘线呈向西北敞开的夹角,控制了其两侧三角洲平原相带与前缘相带储集体的非均质性,湖岸线与现今地层剥蚀线、盆地边缘线限定了有利储集体的类型与范围。该认识可为准噶尔盆地南缘深层下组合油气勘探提供地质参数依据。

针对超压对深层储集层骨架颗粒物理变化的作用机制以及超压与静水压力条件下骨架颗粒物理变化的差异性问题，以准噶尔盆地南缘侏罗系头屯河组砂岩为例，开展超压对深层储集层物理性质作用机理的物理模拟实验。研究结果表明：①在模拟埋深6 000~8 000 m的条件下，超压环境下机械压实作用使剩余原生孔的减小值约是静水压力下的二分之一，超压可有效抑制机械压实作用，使粒间原生孔隙得以保存。②超压环境下的颗粒线状接触比例始终小于相同深度静水压力下的颗粒线状接触比例，但二者差值向深层呈现减小趋势，揭示流体异常高压抵抗有效应力增大的作用减弱，超压下机械压实程度向深层有逐渐接近静水压力下机械压实程度的趋势。③由于异常高压流体的存在，深层储集层在超压下易形成拉张裂缝，骨架颗粒内微裂缝呈细长特征，而静水压力下骨架颗粒内微裂缝呈短宽特征。④超压下骨架颗粒内微裂缝发育的主要时期晚于静水压力下，微裂缝发育程度及长度均有向更深层延伸的特点。⑤超压下骨架颗粒内微裂缝的发育期次主要受控于流体异常高压的发育期次以及作用于骨架颗粒上的有效应力大小，深层储集层超压下骨架颗粒内微裂缝发育期次多于静水压力下的发育期次，流体异常高压的多次发育对改善深层储集层的物理性质具有重要作用。

针对准噶尔盆地南缘（简称准南）前陆冲断带深层目标区构造变形的控制因素不清、古构造和滑脱层分布争议大、主力烃源岩展布不明等问题，基于最新“两宽一高”三维地震、重磁及钻井资料，结合前期的构造物理模拟与离散元数值模拟实验结果，系统刻画准南深层先存古构造与滑脱层的空间分布，解析构造变形特征和形成机制，厘清多套烃源岩展布特征，重新梳理重点区带的油气成藏特征，进而探寻深层下组合油气勘探突破方向。研究表明：①构造变形受两期古构造与3套滑脱层叠合控制，滑脱层横向展布差异显著，侏罗系滑脱层厚度中等且分布广泛，白垩系滑脱层厚度最大但滑脱能力受限，古近系滑脱层薄但横向推覆距离大，由此划分出4层复式构造变形层序并提出“古凸横向分段控带、多滑脱层垂向控层”的构造成因模式；②烃源岩展布方面，首次通过高精度重磁与时频电磁资料联合刻画出二叠系烃源岩“西段窄槽、中段多凹、东段广盆”的分布模式，并重新厘定侏罗系烃源岩“泥岩西厚、煤岩东富”的展布特征；③基于构造变形强度、圈闭有效性及烃源-圈闭匹配关系，构建准南两套主力油气系统、4层复式油气成藏结构模式，将准南划分为“3段10带”，提出“集中勘探五大现实区、甩开突破三大潜力区、风险引领两大准备区”的准南深层下组合分层次勘探策略。

准噶尔盆地南缘东湾构造带下组合油气勘探取得重大突破,QB1井在白垩系清水河组试油,获得产气量为50.7×10⁴m³/d、 产油量为288 t/d的高产工业油气流,证实东湾构造带具备形成 大型油气田的优越成藏条件和显著勘探潜力。研究结果表明:①东湾构造带发育多套规模烃源岩,以侏罗系腐殖型烃源岩为主力气源,而油藏则存在二叠系腐泥型烃源岩与白垩系烃源岩的混源贡献;②清水河组发育底部砂岩与裂隙体双重储集体,基质的孔隙度虽低,但超压条件下,孔-缝双重介质储层可实现高产稳产;③下组合具备优质储-盖组合与宽缓构造目标圈闭群等有利地质条件;④圈闭形成期与烃源岩生/排烃高峰期良好匹配,奠定了大型气田成藏基础。QB1井勘探突破证实东湾构造带具备千亿立方米级天然气资源潜力,为天山北麓深层—超深层勘探提供了重要实践依据。当前,准噶尔盆地南缘下组合勘探重点围绕呼图壁构造带、东湾构造带和乌昌构造带3大构造带推进增储建产,同时加快接替区和储备区的勘探突破。

A significant breakthrough has been achieved in the hydrocarbon exploration of the lower assemblage in Dongwan structural belt along the southern margin of Junggar Basin. During formation testing, Well QB1 obtained a high industrial oil and gas flow from the Cretaceous Qingshuihe Formation, with the gas output of 50.7×10⁴m³/d and oil production of 288 t/d. This demonstrates favorable hydrocarbon accumulation conditions and significant exploration potential in this belt. The result of research shows as follows. (1)Multiple sets of large-scale source rocks are developed in Dongwan structural belt, dominated by the Jurassic humic-type source rocks, while oil reservoirs are contributed by the mixture of Permian sapropelic-type and Cretaceous mixed-source rocks. (2)The Qingshuihe Formation features a dual reservoir system comprising basal sandstone and fracture networks, exhibits low matrix porosity but achieve high and stable hydrocarbon production through pore-fracture dual media under overpressure conditions. (3)The lower assemblage has favorable geological conditions such as high-quality reservoir-cap combinations and wide and gentle structural trap groups. (4)The favorable temporal matching between trap formation and hydrocarbon generation-expulsion peaks has laid the foundation for hydrocarbon accumulation in large gas fields. The exploration breakthrough of Well QB1 demonstrates that the natural gas resource potential of Dongwan structural belt is estimated to be 100 billion cubic meters, providing important practical evidence for deep to ultra-deep exploration in the northern Tianshan piedmont. The current exploration of lower assemblage in the southern margin of Junggar Basin mainly focuses on increasing reserves and enhancing productivity in the Hutubi, Dongwan, and Wuchang structural belts, while simultaneously accelerating exploration breakthroughs in replacement zones and reserve areas.

准噶尔盆地南缘油气资源丰富,地质结构呈多层叠置,构造样式复杂多变,是准噶尔盆地内石油地质条件最复杂、勘探历程最曲折的区带。近年来,随着盆地南缘前陆超深层碎屑岩油气勘探的地质理论认识提升,地震、钻井技术进步,以及勘探战略方向转移,在盆地南缘中段发现了超深层碎屑岩大气区。勘探实践与研究表明:①盆地南缘发育古近系、白垩系、侏罗系、三叠系和二叠系5套烃源岩,其中,二叠系和侏罗系为主要烃源岩层,已进入规模生气阶段,具备形成大—中型气田的充足物质基础;②下组合的白垩系—侏罗系发育5套规模储层(分别为白垩系清水河组,侏罗系喀拉扎组、头屯河组、三工河组和八道湾组),孔隙型与多尺度裂缝型储层相互叠置,形成了大跨度裂隙系统,为天然气的高产提供了良好的储集空间;③白垩系吐谷鲁群的区域性泥岩形成了超高压的“厚被子”盖层,其天然气保存条件好,是天然气成藏的关键;④盆地南缘发育成排成带的大规模背斜构造圈闭群,根据构造叠加样式可划分为3排构造(逆冲推覆带、滑脱褶皱带和前缘斜坡带)7大构造带(掩伏构造带、东湾构造带、乌昌转换带、霍玛吐构造带、独安构造带、呼图壁构造带和芳草湖构造带),明确了东湾构造带、呼图壁构造带、乌昌转换带和掩伏构造带为天然气保存条件最优的背斜构造。准噶尔盆地南缘在勘探中形成了山前超深层“双复杂”构造(复杂地表和复杂地下构造)高精度地震采集、全深度建模及偏移成像、圈闭精细描述等技术序列,以及山前超深层超高压超高温碎屑岩储层精细评价、优快钻完井及安全测试等关键配套技术。盆地南缘中段天然气勘探的突破有效推动了准噶尔盆地超深层碎屑岩天然气的勘探开发进程,丰富了陆相超深层碎屑岩的油气地质理论。

Oil and gas resources are abundant in the southern margin of Junggar Basin with multi-layered geological structures and complicated and variable structural styles, which features the most complex petroleum geological conditions and the most tortuous exploration history. In recent years, with the improvement of the geological theories, the progress of seismic and drilling technologies, and the shift of exploration strategies for hydrocarbon exploration of ultra-deep clastic rocks in the foreland at the southern margin of Junggar Basin, a large gas area of ultra-deep clastic rocks has been discovered in the middle section of the southern margin of Junggar Basin. Exploration practices and researches show as follows. (1)Five sets of source rocks, i.e., the Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Paleogene, are developed in the southern margin of Junggar Basin. Among them, the Jurassic and Permian as the main source rocks have entered the stage of large-scale gas generation and possess the material basis for the formation of large and medium-sized gas fields. (2)The lower assemblage has developed multiple sets of large-scale reservoirs such as the Cretaceous Qingshuihe Formation, and the Jurassic Kalazha Formation, Toutunhe Formation, Sangonghe Formation, and Badaowan Formation. The superimposition of pore-type and multi-scale fracture-type reservoirs forms a large-span fracture body, providing reservoir conditions for high natural gas production. (3)The regional thick quilt-like ultra-high pressure mudstone caprock of the Cretaceous Tugulu Group has good preservation conditions, which is the key to natural gas accumulation. (4)The large-scale anticlinal structural trap group distributed in rows has developed in a belt-like pattern. According to the superposition pattern of structures, the southern margin of Junggar Basin can be divided into three rows of tectonic belts (thrust belt, detachment fold belt and frontal slope belt), including seven structural belts (buried structural belt, Dongwan structural belt, Wuchang transfer belt, Huomatu structural belt, Du’an structural belt, Hutubi structural belt and Fangcaohu structural belt). It is clear that Dongwan structural belt, Hutubi structural belt, Wuchang transfer belt and buried structural belts are most favorable anticlines for natural gas preservation. During exploration of the southern margin of Junggar Basin, a sequence of techniques such as high-precision seismic acquisition, full-depth modeling and migration imaging, and fine description of traps for the "double complex" structures (complex surface and subsurface structures)in the ultra-deep piedmont has been established, as well as the key supporting technologies involving fine evaluation of ultra-deep, ultra-high pressure and ultra-high temperature clastic rock reservoirs, optimal fast drilling and completion, and safety testing. The breakthrough of natural gas exploration in the middle section of the southern margin of Junggar Basin has effectively promoted the exploration and development of natural gas in ultra-deep clastic rocks, thus enriching the petroleum geological theories of continental ultra-deep clastic rocks.