<p>The Lower Palaeozoic in Ordos were identified with the comprehensive method of integrating the outcrop sections, well sections and seismic profiles,first integrating the synthetic seismograms and the vertical seismic profiles(VSP)of 11 wells. Totally 371 pieces and 15 683 kilometers of seismic profiles were processed and stratigraphically interpretated,which greatly upgraded the interpretation of the seismic profiles.Based on above achievements, the Lower Palaeozoic in Ordos were divided into five stratigraphical units, i.e. Lower and Middle Cambrian, Middle and Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician, Lower Majiagou Group, Upper Majiagou Group, and pingliang Formation and Beiguoshan Formation, and their isopach maps were compiled. These maps show that the palaeotectonic pattern of the former four ages was &ldquo;one uplift and three depressions&rdquo;,i.e. one middle uplift was surrounded by the western depression,southern depression and eastern depression, which together took the shape of &ldquo;U&rdquo;, and the palaeotectonic pattern of the last age was &ldquo;one uplift and two depressions&rdquo;, i.e. the huge Ordos uplift borders on the western depression and southern depression, which together took the shape of &ldquo;L&rdquo;. At the end of the Ordovician the Ordos and the whole North China Platform formed an unified uplift and the framework of uplifts alternating with depressions vanished.</p>

塔里木地区是以当今的塔里木盆地为主体并包括其周边山地的广大地区,北至中天山,南至西昆仑山,西至我国国界,东至阿尔金山,面积逾 100万km²。在39个露头剖面和钻井剖面的各种单因素定量及定性资料的基础上,采用单因素分析多因素综合作图法,编制出了塔里木地区寒武系下、中、上统的各种单因素图及相应的寒武纪早、中、晚世的岩相古地理图。这些岩相古地理图最主要的特征是定量,即每个古地理单位的划分和确定都有确切的定量资料与定量的单因素图。这种定量的岩相古地理图在塔里木地区还是首次出现。在早寒武世,塔里木地区是一个碳酸盐岩台地,其中散布着准滩、云坪和膏盐湖。其北侧和东北侧是南天山和塔东硅岩石灰岩泥岩盆地。其南侧是昆仑台地,其中有2个小陆地。其东南侧有阿尔金陆。中寒武世和晚寒武世的岩相古地理格局与早寒武世相似,但陆地面积逐渐缩小,盆地面积逐渐扩大,塔里木碳酸盐岩台地变化不大。从早寒武世到晚寒武世是一个逐渐的海进过程。

The Tarim area in this paper refers to the present Tarim Basin and its surrounding mountains, bounded on the north by the Middle Tianshan Mountains, on the south by the Kunlun Mountains, on the west by boundary line of our country, and on the east by the Altun Mountains. It covers an area of more than 1 000 000 km². Based on the quantitative and qualitative data from the study of stratigraphy and petrology of outcrops and well sections, according to the single factor analysis and multifactor comprehensive mapping method, the single factor maps of the Lower, Middle and Upper Cambrian, and the lithofacies paleogeography maps of the Early, Middle and Late Cambrian of Tarim area, are compiled. The most important character of these lithofacies paleogeography maps is quantification. Quantification means that the determination of each paleogeography unit is based on the accurate quantitative data and the quantitative single factor maps. It is the first time to apply this quantitative method in the Tarim area In the Barly Cambrian, the Tarim area was mainly a carbonate platform, in which there were penebanks, dolomitic flat, and gypsum halite lake. The South Tianshan Basin and East Tarim Basin were siliceous rock-limestone-mudstone basin. The Kunlun Plat form was situated in the south, in which there were two small lands The Altun Land was situated in the southeast In the Middle and Late Cambrian, similar to the lithofacies paleogeographic pattern of the Early Cambrian, the land area was gradually reduced, the basin area was enlarged, while the Tarim carbonate platform changed little. The transgression continued from the Early Cambrian to the Late Cambrian.

Tectonic-lithofacies paleogeography is the foundation of the evaluation for source-reservoir-cap and reservoir-forming assemblage, which plays a significant role in oil and gas exploration. However, because of the limited data and recognition, the existing facies maps of major marine basins in China can not meet the needs of oil and gas exploration in deep marine carbonate rocks. Based on the new drilling and seismic data, the lithofacies recognition technology was used to restore the marine tectonic-lithofacies paleogeography of Tarim Basin, Sichuan Basin and Ordos Basin. It is concluded that: (1) the tectonic paleogeography of China's marine carbonate platform in small craton is characterized with the alternation of uplift and depression, and uplift controlling reservoir and depression controlling source rocks; (2) tectonic-lithofacies paleogeography is characterized with multiple platform margins, multiple shoal zones and multiple platform basins; (3) tectonic-lithofacies paleogeography plays an important role in the early dolomitization and the range and reconstruction degree of karstification, thus controlling the distribution of reservoir; (4) multiple margin platform model is established and double-shoal sedimentary model of gentle slope is improved, which reveals that there are many favorable reservoir-forming assemblages in the marine carbonate platform of China. The research results deepen the understanding of the common characteristics of China's marine carbonate platform in small craton, and provide theoretical support for oil and gas exploration of deep marine carbonate rocks.

随着三大海相克拉通盆地油气勘探不断向超深层、古老层系拓展，面临着有利勘探区带不明确的问题，亟需深化重点时期沉积模式的研究。对三大盆地新元古界—古生界构造-沉积差异演化特征进行总结，分析了构造分异对沉积演化的控制作用，指出三大古老海相克拉通盆地“裂—坳—隆”构造分异控制碳酸盐台地经历“孤立台地—缓坡—镶边”演化旋回，裂陷的形成和演化控制了台地沉积分异及纵向上源储盖组合的相似性。建立了4类碳酸盐沉积新模式：①“多类台缘”和“双滩”缓坡沉积模式揭示大陆边缘和裂陷边缘、坳陷边缘、内缓坡相带中古隆起和潟湖周缘是有利丘滩体发育区；②碳酸盐岩与膏盐岩组合体系沉积模式揭示海侵期古隆起周缘是有利滩体发育区；③四川盆地灯影组断阶型台缘沉积模式揭示多组同沉积断裂控制灯二段阶梯状台缘形成，断块高部位发育厚层丘滩体；④塔里木盆地寒武系持续扩展型台缘沉积模式揭示轮南—富满地区台缘带经历了富泥质缓坡→低角度前积缓坡—弱镶边台地→垂向加积镶边台地→侧向前积镶边台地的演化。沉积模式新认识明确了三大古老海相克拉通盆地的古裂陷周缘丘滩带依然是增储上产和资源接替的重要领域，斜坡相重力流沉积、蒸发潟湖相泥灰岩等新领域是值得关注的勘探区带。沉积新模式的建立有力支撑了油气勘探部署，也为未来勘探提供了新方向、新思路。

With the continuous expansion of oil and gas exploration into ultra-deep and ancient strata in the three major marine cratonic basins, challenges such as unclear favorable exploration zones have emerged. Therefore it is imperative to deepen research on depositional models for critical geological periods. Based on the summary of the Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic tectonic-sedimentary differential evolution characteristics of the three major basins, this paper analyzes the controlling effects of tectonic differentiation on sedimentary evolution. It is pointed out that the three ancient marine cratonic basins exhibit a tectonic differentiation pattern of "rift-depression-uplift", driving carbonate platforms undergoing an evolutionary cycle of "isolated platform-ramp-rimmed platform", and the formation and evolution of rifts control the sedimentary differentiation of platforms and the similarity of the vertical sourced-reservoer-cap assemblages. Four new models of carbonate sedimentation were established: "multi-type platform margins" and "double shoals" ramp models, carbonate-gypsum/salt symbiotic system model, fault terrace platform margin model of Dengying Formation in Sichuan Basin, and continuously expanding platform margin sedimentary model of Cambrian in Tarim Basin. The "multi-type platform margins" and "double shoals" ramp model reveal that the continental margin and rift margin, depression margin, paleo-uplift of inner ramp and lagoon periphery are favorable mound-shoal development areas. The carbonate-gypsum/salt symbiotic system model reveals that the margin of the paleo-uplift during transgression period is a favorable shoal development area. The fault terrace platform margin sedimentary model indicates that multiple syndepositional fault systems control the formation of step-like platform margins of the 2nd member of Dengying Formation in Sichuan Basin, with thick mound-shoal complexes developed on high fault blocks. The continuous extension platform margin sedimentary model reveals that the Cambrian platform margin belt of Lunnan-Gucheng area in Tarim Basin has undergone the evolution of mud-rich ramp→low-angle progradational ramp/weakly rimmed platform→vertically aggrading platform→laterally prograding rimmed platform. The new understanding of carbonate sedimentary models confirms that the mound-shoal belts around the paleo-rift of the three ancient marine craton basins are still important areas for increasing oil and gas reserves and ensuring resource succession. In addition, new fields such as gravity flow deposits in slope facies and marlstones in evaporative lagoon facies are worthy of exploration. The establishment of the new models of carbonate sedimentation strongly supports the deployment of oil and gas exploration, and also provides a new direction and ideas for future exploration.

2013年四川盆地川中古隆起发现了安岳震旦系—寒武系特大型气田，磨溪区块龙王庙组探明含气面积779.9 km2，探明地质储量4 403.8×108 m3，气藏类型为构造岩性气藏，该领域具备形成万亿立方米级天然气储量规模。主要取得如下认识：①重新厘定了震旦系、寒武系地层沉积充填序列及划分对比依据。②晚震旦世—早寒武世早期继承性发育“德阳—安岳”古裂陷槽，控制下寒武统烃源层分布，源岩厚20～160 m、TOC值为1.7%～3.6%、Ro值为2.0%～3.5%。③灯影组发育碳酸盐镶边台地、龙王庙组发育碳酸盐缓坡台地，靠近同沉积古隆起发育大面积颗粒滩。④大面积发育震旦系灯影组碳酸盐岩缝洞型、寒武系龙王庙组白云岩孔隙型2套主要含气储集层，准同生白云石化和表生岩溶叠加改造形成相对高孔渗储集体，灯影组孔隙度3%～4%、渗透率（1～6）×10-3 μm2，龙王庙组孔隙度4%～5%、渗透率（1～5）×10-3 μm2。⑤古隆起核部在晚海西—印支期发育大型古油藏，分布面积超过5 000 km2，石油资源量（48～63）×108 t，燕山期发生原位原油裂解成气及斜坡深部分散液态烃裂解成气，提供充足气源。⑥震旦系—寒武系特大型气田形成和留存主要受“古裂陷槽、古台地、古油裂解气、古隆起”“四古”共同控制。⑦初步预测震旦系—寒武系天然气资源量总量可达5×1012 m3左右，古隆起及其斜坡带、蜀南坳陷带、川东高陡构造带深层是该层系重点勘探区带。四川盆地深部安岳震旦系—寒武系原生原油裂解气特大型气田重大发现，在全球古老地层天然气勘探中尚属首次，对开拓全球中深层下古生界—中上元古界古老地层油气领域具有重大科学与实践意义。图15表4参20

The Anyue Sinian-Cambrian giant gas field was discovered in central paleo-uplift in the Sichuan Basin in 2013, which is a structural-lithological gas reservoir, with 779.9 km2 proven gas-bearing area and 4 403.8×108 m3 proven geological reserves in the Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation in Moxi Block, and the discovery implies it possesses trillion-cubic-meter reserves in the Sinian-Cambrian Formations in Sichuan Basin. The main understandings achieved are as follows: (1) Sinian-Cambrian sedimentary filling sequences and division evidence are redetermined; (2) During Late Sinian and Early Cambrian, “Deyang-Anyue” paleo-taphrogenic trough was successively developed and controlled the distribution of source rocks in the Lower-Cambrian, characterized by 20-160 m source rock thickness, TOC 1.7%-3.6% and Ro 2.0%-3.5%; (3) Carbonate edge platform occurred in the Sinian Dengying Formation, and carbonate gentle slope platform occurred in the Longwangmiao Formation, with large-scale grain beach near the synsedimentary paleo-uplift; (4) Two types of gas-bearing reservoir, i.e. carbonate fracture-vug type in the Sinian Dengying Formation and dolomite pore type in the Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation, and superposition transformation of penecontemporaneous dolomitization and supergene karst formed high porosity-permeability reservoirs, with 3%-4% porosity and (1-6)×10-3 μm2 permeability in the Sinian Dengying Formation, and 4%-5% porosity and (1-5)×10-3 μm2 permeability in the Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation; (5) Giant paleo-oil pool occurred in the core of the paleo-uplift during late Hercynian—Indosinian, with over 5 000 km2 and (48-63)×108 t oil resources, and then in the Yanshanian period, in-situ crude oil cracked to generate gas and dispersive liquid hydrocarbons in deep slope cracked to generate gas, both of which provide sufficient gas for the giant gas field; (6) The formation and retention of the giant gas field is mainly controlled by paleo-taphrogenic trough, paleo-platform, paleo-oil pool cracking gas and paleo-uplift jointly; (7) Total gas resources of the Sinian-Cambrian giant gas field are preliminarily predicted to be about 5×1012 m3, and the paleo-uplift and its slope, southern Sichuan Basin depression and deep formations of the high and steep structure belt in east Sichuan, are key exploration plays. The discovery of deep Anyue Sinian-Cambrian giant primay oil-cracking gas field in the Sichuan Basin, is the first in global ancient strata exploration, which is of great inspiration for extension of oil & gas discoveries for global middle-deep formations from Lower Paleozoic to Middle-Upper Proterozoic strata.

The essential characteristics of Deyang-Anyue interplatform rift and its formation and evolution are illustrated in the paper. And it is also discussed the controls of Deyang-Anyue interplatform rift on the Sinian reservoir formation. Then four achievements were obtained, as follows:(1)The interplatform rift shows a north-south distribution, and covers an area of 60000km2, with a length of 300km, and a width of 50～230km. Deep-water shale and argillaceous dolomite were deposited in the trough. (2)The interplatform rift forming is closely related to three factors of continent breaking up, faulting and differential sedimentation, and experienced eight tecotinic evolution stages from late Sinian(early deposition of Dengying Fromation) to early Cambrian(middle-late deposition of Qiongzhusi Formation), including four times extensional movement, three times exposure-denudation, and a rapid filed decaying stage. (3)Three sets of source rocks, including three members separately from Dengying Formation, Maidiping Formation and Qiongzhusi Formation, developed in the interplatform rift, where is the hydrocarbon generating center and the hydrocarbon supplying center. Dolomite reservoir of member 2 and member 4 of Dengying Formation developed with large area on both sides of the rift, and the high quality reservoir distributed along interplatform margins. Source rock and reservoir contact laterally. (4)It is put forward that the zones along the both sides of interplatform rift are the most prospective region of Sinian exploration. And the eastern side of it is preferred in recent exploration. It is predicted that Jiulongshan structure in Suining-Jiange area and Yanggaosi structure in Rongchang-Luzhou area should be the next exploration targets.

In the past 20 years, great exploration achievements and new progresses have been made in Permian Changxing Formation(abbreviated as C.F.) and Triassic Feixianguan Formation(abbreviated as F.F.)in Sichuan Basin. The main results and progress include: (1)several gas fields, such as Puguang gasfield, Longgang gasfield, and so on are found; (2)C.F. and F.F. contain 3 third order sequence; (3)the reservoir mainly develop in reef shoal microfacies of platform margin; (4)the gasfields are lithologic pools distributed along platform margin. Although many common views have been achieved, the divergence of reservoir formation is still remained. Based on the study of petrology and diagenesis combined with the analysis datas, the basic reservoir characteristics, pore types and their genesis, dolomization and its influence of the C.F. and F.F. have been clarified in the paper. It is pointed out that the main lithology of the reef shoal dolomite reservoir in C. F. is residual bioclastic dolostone, residual reef framework dolostone and fine-medium crystalline dolostone. The reservoir spaces are dissloved pores and vugs,which formation is closely related to early meteoric water dissolution and shallow burial dolomization. The main lithology of oolitic dolomite reservoir in F.F. is residual oolitic micrite dolostone, residual oolitic silty-fine dolostone and fine crystal dolostone. The storege is mainly intergranular pore, oolitic moldic and their enlarged pore. The mineral composition of oolitic, early freshwater dissolution and dolomization are the main controlling factors of reservoir formation. It is predicted that the platform edge is the favorable distribution area of reef shoal and oolitic shoal dolomite reservoir.

塔里木盆地下寒武统肖尔布拉克组储集层主要受沉积相控制,而丘滩是储集层发育的有利相带,因此明确丘滩特征及其分布规律对该地区勘探具有重要意义。以柯坪肖尔布拉克露头区肖尔布拉克组为研究对象,实测7条剖面,基于野外露头描述和薄片观察,系统分析了肖尔布拉克组沉积特征,建立了沉积相模式。露头区肖尔布拉克组厚158~178 m,主要发育层纹石、凝块石、泡沫绵层石、叠层石、核形石5种微生物白云岩和藻砂屑白云岩及粒泥白云岩,整体上为1个向上变浅的三级沉积序列。肖尔布拉克组沉积时期,研究区为发育&#x0201c;微生物席&#x02014;丘滩&#x02014;潮坪&#x0201d;沉积体系的缓坡型碳酸盐岩台地,沿温宿古隆起向盆地方向依次发育内缓坡、中缓坡和外缓坡。中缓坡是中高能微生物丘和藻砂屑滩的有利发育区,丘滩体厚度在70~85 m之间,滩地比达到44%~51%,进一步佐证了塔里木盆地下寒武统肖尔布拉克组白云岩领域具有良好的勘探潜力。

The dolomite reservoir of the Lower Cambrian Xiaoerblak Formation in Tarim Basin is mainly controlled by sedimentary facies,in which the mounds and shoals are the potential zone of reservoir. Therefore,it is of great significance to clarify the characteristics and laws of mounds and shoals for oil exploration in this field. The Xiaoerblak area is selected as the study region and,7 geological profiles are measured in outcrops. Based on the description of the field outcrops and observation on many thin slices,the sedimentary characteristics of the Xiaoerblak Formation are systematically analyzed and the sedimentary facies model is established. The Xiaoerblak Formation in the study area is 158-178 m in thickness. It mainly contains microbiological dolomites,arenite dolomite and granule dolomite. The microbiological dolomites are divided into laminite dolomite,thrombolite dolomite,spongiostromatastromatolite dolomite,stromatolite dolomite,and oncolites dolomite. The lithofacies combination indicates that the Xiaoerblak Formation comprises one 3^rd succession that is characterized as upward shallower trend. These rocks combination show that Keping area is a carbonate ramp with &#x0201c;microbial mat-mound and shoal-tidal flat&#x0201d; sedimentary system in the depositional period of Xiaoerblak Formation. From the Wensu ancient uplift to the basin,it develops inner ramp,middle ramp and outer ramp in turn. In middle ramp,the medium-high energy mounds and shoals are distributed,with a thickness of 70-85 m and the ratio of shoals to the whole strata is up to 44%-51%. It is confirmed again that the Xiaoerblak Formation in Tarim Basin has a great potential of oil exploration.

塔里木盆地柯探1井和轮探1井相继在下寒武统吾松格尔组获得高产工业油气流，突破了整体富泥的传统层系评价定位，但目前对吾松格尔组岩相古地理研究几乎为空白，制约了有利储集相带评价与预测。综合利用阿克苏地区露头资料、录井岩屑、C/O同位素曲线、测井及地震资料，分析了塔里木盆地吾松格尔组沉积期古地理格局、沉积环境及储层分布。结果表明：①吾松格尔组沉积期沉积充填序列及地层分布受塔南、乌恰及温宿三大台内古隆和边缘凹陷控制。古隆起区吾松格尔组超覆沉积，厚度薄，发育混积潮坪、弱镶边台地相；边缘凹陷地层齐全、厚度大，发育深水盆地相和局限潟湖相。②吾松格尔组沉积序列总体表现为一个完整的“海侵—海退”沉积旋回，轮南至古城地区超覆发育塔里木盆地寒武系第一套弱镶边型台地边缘，联合控制沉积期混积潮坪—局限台地的发育。③吾松格尔组发育台缘丘滩、礁后滩及潮上—潮间带薄层台内滩3类白云岩储集层，分布面积大。其中，主要发育于轮南—古城地区的台缘丘滩和礁后滩白云岩储层品质较高，预测面积达12 070 km²。以储集层预测为基础，评价认为轮南—古城地区与上覆膏盐岩盖层构成新的一套有利储盖组合且轮探1井已获突破，是下一步重点探索的有利区带。

Great breakthroughs have been made in oil and natural gas exploration in Wusonger Formation of the Lower Cambrian in Tarim Basin， NW China， but there is almost no research on the sedimentary background conditions. The sedimentary paleogeographic pattern， sedimentary environment and distribution of reservoir were systematically analyzed based on outcropping data in Aksu area， logging cuttings， C/O isotopic curves， well logs and seismic data. The results indicated that：（1）The sedimentary sequence and stratigraphic distribution of the Wusonger Formation in Tarim Basin were controlled by paleo-uplift and marginal sags. The Wusonger Formation in the paleo-uplift region was over-layed with thin thickness， including mixed carbonate-siliciclastic tidal flat and weakly rimmed platform facies. The strata in the marginal sag are complete and thick， and the deep-water basin facies and confined lagoon facies are developed. （2） The sedimentary sequence of the Wusonger Formation is generally characterized by a complete “transgression and regression” sedimentary cycle. The Wusonger Formation depositional stage platform margin was recognized from Lunnan area to Gucheng area， which jointly controls the development of carbonate-siliciclastic tidal flat and weakly rimmed platform during the sedimentary period. It is the first set platform margin of the Cambrian in Tarim Basin. （3） The Wusongger Formation has types of dolomite reservoirs， platform margin mound-shoals， reef back shoal and thin-layer platform inner shoals in the intertidal zone， with large area distribution. The first two types， mainly developed in the Lunnan-Gucheng areas， are of high quality and up to 12 070 km². Together with the upper Mid-Cambrian gypsum-salt rock， they form the first set of effective assemblage of the Cambrian pre-salt realm. As Well Luntan1 has obtained industrial oil-gas flow in 2020， this assemblage is considered to be favorable regions for ultra-deep oil and gas exploration.