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Experimental techniques for the genesis of deep to ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs and their applications
Hu Anping, Liang Feng, She Min, Jin Tianjie, Jin Deshi, Qiao Zhanfeng, Wang Yongsheng, Luo Xianying, Jiang Yuxiang, Liu Yijie, Shen Anjiang
Marine Origin Petroleum Geology ›› 2026, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (4) : 394-408.
PDF(8222 KB)
PDF(8222 KB)
Experimental techniques for the genesis of deep to ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs and their applications
Targeting the deep to ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs, which are characterized by high temperature and high pressure (HTHP), multi-stage complex tectonic-fluid modifications, and complicated reservoir-formation and accumulation processes, this study has developed a diagenesis-porosity evolution reconstruction technique based on the "Fluid-Time-Temperature-Pressure" (FTtP) framework, and independently designed a visual simulation apparatus for ultra-deep reservoirs under HTHP conditions across multiple tectonic stages. Experimental investigations are conducted from both inversion (backward reconstruction) and forward simulation perspectives, aiming to reveal the genetic mechanisms and distribution patterns of porosity in deep to ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs. Specifically: (1) The FTtP-based diagenesis- porosity evolution reconstruction technique integrates over ten elemental and isotopic geochemical analytical methods, obtaining a suite of high-precision, multi-parameter, in-situ geochemical data. It addresses the critical challenges of constrainting the time, temperature, pressure, and fluid properties of diagenetic products, thereby enabling the reconstruction of the formation processes and preservation mechanisms of porosity in deep to ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs. (2) The visual simulation apparatus integrates multiple functionalities, including ultra-HTHP conditions, multi-cycle internal dissolution, real-time visualization of dissolution processes, and on-line monitoring of permeability and fluid composition. It enables forward simulation experiments of dissolution-precipitation processes across tectonic stages under near-real geological conditions, dynamically reproducing the formation and evolution of pores, and consequently revealing the genetic mechanisms, scales, and distribution patterns of reservoir porosity. The advancement and application of the above technologies have provided critical experimental support for the evaluation and prediction of deep to ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs. In the future, experimental testing techniques will continue to undergo iterative upgrades—elemental and isotopic analyses will evolve from bulk-rock analysis to in-situ micro-texture characterization, from solution-based methods to laser-based techniques, and from laser spot analysis to laser mapping/imaging. Meanwhile, the functionality of simulation apparatus will advance toward integrated modeling of hydrocarbon generation, reservoir formation, and accumulation in ultra-deep settings, continuously providing experimental support for deep petroleum exploration.
deep to ultra-deep strata / carbonate reservoirs / elemental and isotopic analytical techniques / diagenetic porosity evolution reconstruction technology / dissolution-precipitation simulation experimental technology
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The giant Puguang gas field, with a proven original in-place gas volume of 350 × 109 m3 (12.36 TCFG), was discovered in 2003 in the eastern Sichuan fold-thrust belt of the mature Sichuan Basin, southwest China. The field is a combination structural-stratigraphic trap closed by lateral depositional change and fault closure. The trap evolved from a paleo-oil reservoir originating in the Triassic–Jurassic. The entrapment of thermal gas, which was derived from Lower–middle Silurian and Permian source rocks, occurred during deep burial in the Jurassic–Cretaceous. Tertiary–Quaternary compression transformed the paleotrap into the present gas reservoir. Gas is contained in the Lower Triassic Feixianguan and the Upper Permian Changxing reservoirs, which consist predominantly of dolomitized oolites deposited in shelf and platform-margin shoal and backreef environments. Reservoir quality is characterized by porosity of 1–29% and permeability of 0.01–9664 md, with buried depth greater than 5000 m (16,400 ft).
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杜金虎, 邹才能, 徐春春, 等. 川中古隆起龙王庙组特大型气田战略发现与理论技术创新[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2014, 41(3): 268-277.
2011年以来，在四川盆地川中古隆起磨溪—高石梯地区发现震旦系、寒武系特大型气田，主力含气层系包括震旦系灯影组灯二段、灯四段及寒武系龙王庙组，地质储量规模超过万亿立方米。在简要回顾川中古隆起大气区战略发现历程的基础上，系统阐述川中古隆起龙王庙组特大型气田的形成条件及油气富集规律，指出大型古隆起背景、大型网状供烃系统、规模化的颗粒滩储集层以及区域性的储盖组合是特大型气田形成的重要条件；针对龙王庙组超深、高温、高压等复杂地层条件，分别在测井、地震、钻井、储集层改造等方面进行了技术攻关，并形成了相应的配套成果，应用效果良好，展示了四川盆地震旦系—寒武系巨大的油气勘探潜力。图13参13
Since 2011, a giant gas field has been discovered in the Sinian and Cambrian strata in Moxi–Gaoshiti region, central Sichuan paleo-uplift, with the geological reserves reaching more than one trillion cubic meters. The main gas-bearing layers include Deng 2 Member, Deng 4 Member of Sinian Dengying Formation and Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation. Based on brief review of the exploration history of large gas province in central Sichuan paleo-uplift, the paper systematically describes the formation conditions and petroleum accumulation patterns of the giant gas field, and points out the large ancient uplift background, huge net of hydrocarbon supply system, large-scale particle shoal reservoirs and regional reservoir-cap combinations are important material conditions for the formation of the giant gas field. In view of the huge depth, high temperature, high pressure and some other complex formation conditions, a lot of efforts have been put into the research on logging, seismic, drilling, reservoir stimulation etc, and a series of accomplishments have been achieved, which work well in the exploration and development of gas in Sichuan Basin. The Sinian and Cambrian strata in the Sichuan Basin have a great potential for petroleum exploration.
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马永生, 蔡勋育, 云露, 等. 塔里木盆地顺北超深层碳酸盐岩油气田勘探开发实践与理论技术进展[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2022, 49(1): 1-17.
基于塔里木盆地顺北超深层碳酸盐岩油气田勘探开发实践,系统总结“十三五”期间勘探开发理论技术进展,为拓展该区勘探领域和国内外超深层海相碳酸盐岩勘探开发提供借鉴和启示。整体、动态剖析古老叠合盆地“成烃-成储-成藏”关键地质要素,指出顺北地区下寒武统玉尔吐斯组优质烃源岩在长期低地温背景下晚期持续生烃,是超深层赋存大规模液态烃的重要原因,构造相对稳定部位发育的多期活动走滑断裂是该区“控储、控藏”的重要因素;新认识指导勘探跳出南北两大古隆起,在相对低凹的顺托果勒地区实现规模油气发现。不断探索和实践沙漠区超深层碳酸盐岩地震勘探技术,创新集成了超深层碳酸盐岩地震采集、走滑断裂及缝洞体立体成像、走滑断裂带精细解析、断控缝洞体雕刻与量化描述、断控缝洞型圈闭描述与目标优选等技术系列。地质工程一体化深度融合,创新形成断控缝洞型油气藏的井轨迹空间优化、优快钻井、高效完井测试与储集体改造等配套技术,为顺北油气田勘探开发提供了重要技术支撑。
In this review on the exploration and development process of the Shunbei ultra-deep carbonate oil and gas field in the Tarim Basin, the progress of exploration and development technologies during the National 13th Five-Year Plan of China has been summarized systematically, giving important guidance for the exploration and development of ultra-deep marine carbonate reservoirs in China and abroad. Through analyzing the primary geological factors of “hydrocarbon generation-reservoir formation-hydrocarbon accumulation” of ancient and superposed basin comprehensively and dynamically, we point out that because the Lower Cambrian Yuertusi Formation high-quality source rocks have been located in a low-temperature environment for a long time, they were capable of generating hydrocarbon continuously in late stage, providing ideal geological conditions for massive liquid hydrocarbon accumulation in ultra-deep layers. In addition, strike-slip faults developed in tectonically stable areas have strong control on reservoir formation and hydrocarbon accumulation in this region. With these understandings, the exploration focus shifted from the two paleo-uplifts located in the north and the south to the Shuntuoguole lower uplift located in between and achieved major hydrocarbon discoveries. Through continuing improvement of seismic exploration technologies for ultra-deep carbonates in desert, integrated technologies including seismic acquisition in ultra-deep carbonates, seismic imaging of strike-slip faults and the associated cavity-fracture systems, detailed structural interpretation of strike-slip faults, characterization and quantitative description of fault-controlled cavities and fractures, description of fault-controlled traps and target optimization have been established. Geology-engineering integration including well trajectory optimization, high efficiency drilling, completion and reservoir reformation technologies has provided important support for exploration and development of the Shunbei oil and gas field. |
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杨雨, 文龙, 周刚, 等. 四川盆地油气勘探新领域、新类型及资源潜力[J]. 石油学报, 2023, 44(12): 2045-2069.
四川盆地天然气资源量居中国首位,目前探明率仅为18.8 %,勘探开发潜力巨大。近几年,四川盆地油气勘探相继在深层—超深层海相碳酸盐岩、海相非常规天然气、陆相致密气及陆相页岩油等新领域、新层系、新类型取得重大突破,展示出巨大的资源前景。川西—川中地区深层—超深层海相碳酸盐岩气藏多层系立体成藏,优质烃源岩供烃,多层系高能丘滩相储层垂向叠置、横向连片,源-储配置好,断裂输导体系发育,但勘探程度低,有望形成新的万亿立方米级规模增储区。川西—川中前陆坳陷—斜坡带为陆相致密气富集有利区,以须家河组为主力烃源岩,形成须家河组、侏罗系沙溪庙组两套成藏体系,已发现千亿立方米级大气田,累计提交地质储量超过1×10<sup>12</sup>m<sup>3</sup>,成为四川盆地天然气产量新的增长极。二叠系和侏罗系页岩、泥灰岩、煤岩等非常规含油气层系均连续稳定分布,油气大面积富集成藏,以川中—川东地区最为富集,已取得勘探突破。二叠系非常规天然气有利勘探区资源规模近8×10<sup>12</sup>m<sup>3</sup>,侏罗系页岩油有利勘探区资源量为16.96×10<sup>8</sup>t。川西—川中地区深层—超深层海相碳酸盐岩天然气以及陆相致密气已形成四川盆地新的规模增储主阵地,非常规天然气及陆相页岩油是重要的资源接替领域。
The natural gas resources in Sichuan Basin rank first in China, with the proven rate of only 18.8 %, indicating enormous potentials for exploration and development. In recent years, significant breakthroughs have been made in oil and gas exploration in new fields, new strata, and new types of marine carbonate rocks, unconventional marine gas, continental tight gas, and continental shale oil in deep to ultra-deep layers of Sichuan Basin, demonstrating tremendous resource prospects. Despite of the low degree of exploration, the marine carbonate gas reservoirs in deep to ultra-deep layers in the western and central Sichuan Basin display a 3D accumulation pattern in multiple series of strata with hydrocarbons supplied from excellent source rocks, vertically stacked and horizontally connected high-energy mound-beach reservoirs in many series of strata, good source reservoir configuration and developed fault conduit systems, which are expected to form a new trillion cubic meter scale reserve zone. The foreland subbasin-slope is a favorable area for the enrichment of continental tight gas in central-western Sichuan Basin, and two sets of petroleum accumulation systems are formed, i.e., Xujiahe Formation and the Jurassic Shaximiao Formation, in which Xujiahe Formation is the major source rock. A giant gas field of 100 billion cubic meters has been discovered with the cumulative produced geological reserves exceeding 10<sup>12</sup>m<sup>3</sup>, and has become a new growth pole for natural gas production in Sichuan Basin. Unconventional hydrocarbon-bearing strata series such as Permian and Jurassic shale, mudstone, and coal are continuously and stably distributed. Oil and gas are widely enriched and accumulated, and most abundant in central and eastern Sichuan Basin, and moreover exploration breakthroughs have been achieved. In the favorable exploration area for unconventional natural gas, the resources in the Permian reservoirs amount to nearly 8×10<sup>12</sup>m<sup>3</sup>; in the favorable exploration area for Jurassic shale oil, the resources are estimated to be 16.96 ×10<sup>12</sup>m<sup>3</sup>. The marine carbonate gas and continental tight gas in deep to ultra-deep layers in the western and central Sichuan Basin have been the main area for increasing reserves on a large scale in Sichuan Basin. Unconventional natural gas and continental shale oil are important resource replacement areas.
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断控缝洞型碳酸盐岩油气资源潜力巨大，但其控储控藏控富机理十分复杂，超深领域勘探开发难度更大、成本更高，培育高产井、高效井是推动超深领域资源优势转化为效益优势的重要途径。基于地球物理、油气地质、油层物理、地球化学等多学科动静态结合研究，阐明了多源流体、多期溶蚀、叠加复合的断控岩溶缝洞体形成机理与走滑断裂、不整合面为输导格架的多期成藏机理，构建了塔里木盆地富满油田超深断控缝洞型碳酸盐岩油气成藏地质模型，揭示了以Ⅰ级断裂破碎带为主线、大型缝洞体为主体、正地貌为背景的高效井分布规律；同时，创新形成了定断裂带、定富集段、定目标井、定井型与选位置、选靶点、选靶层、选靶向的“四定+四选”井位部署配套技术。据此部署的具有“主干断裂+正地貌+长串珠”特征的一批井点均获高产或成为千吨井，大幅提高了单井产量与最终可采储量（EUR），指导了勘探开发领域向纵深挺进，发现落实富满油田10×10<sup>8</sup> t油气储量并建成300×10<sup>4</sup> t级大油气田。
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杨海军, 王春生, 杨宪彰, 等. 深地塔科1井万米特深井钻探关键技术进展与科学意义[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2025, 52(5): 1180-1188.
为进行万米特深层地球科学探索和油气勘探，实现特深钻井工程技术的迭代升级，中国石油天然气集团有限公司2023年在塔里木盆地部署了万米特深井深地塔科1井。通过该井的成功钻探，地质认识方面取得突破性进展，首次获取了万米深层岩心、测井、录井、流体、温度及压力资料，认识到万米特深层仍发育有效烃源岩、碳酸盐岩储层及可动常规油气，打破了传统的油气地质理论认识，明确了塔里木盆地万米特深层油气勘探的巨大潜力并指出了有利勘探领域。工程技术方面形成了特深井复杂压力系统安全钻井、特深井复杂难钻地层优快钻井、特深井苛刻工况井筒质量控制、特深超高温复杂地层资料录取4大关键技术体系。同时铸就了特深钻完井工程技术十大利器，顺利成功完钻了亚洲第1、全球第2垂直深井，极大促进了对万米特深层地质条件的认识，助力中国成为具备特深井钻探核心技术的少数国家。
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沈安江, 胡安平, 程婷, 等. 激光原位U-Pb同位素定年技术及其在碳酸盐岩成岩-孔隙演化中的应用[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2019, 46(6): 1062-1074.
为解决溶液法难以实现的古老海相碳酸盐岩取样和超低U、Pb含量样品测年的难题,通过激光剥蚀进样系统与多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪的连用和对年龄为209.8 Ma实验室工作标样的开发和标定,建立了适用于古老海相碳酸盐岩的激光原位U-Pb同位素定年技术,并应用于四川盆地震旦系灯影组成岩-孔隙演化研究。通过充填孔洞、孔隙和裂缝中不同期次白云石胶结物的测年,指出灯影组白云岩储集层的埋藏成岩过程主要是原生孔隙和表生溶蚀孔洞逐渐被充填的过程。孔洞的充填作用发生在早加里东、晚海西—印支、燕山—喜马拉雅期3个阶段,孔隙的充填作用主要发生于早加里东期,未被胶结物充填的残留孔洞、孔隙和裂缝构成了主要储集空间,明确了四川盆地灯影组白云岩储集层的成岩-孔隙演化史。这些认识与该地区的构造-埋藏史、盆地热史具有很高的吻合度,说明测年数据的可靠性和激光原位U-Pb同位素定年技术的有效性,为古老海相碳酸盐岩成岩-孔隙演化研究和油气运移前有效孔隙评价提供了新的方法。图5表4参46
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基于含烃包裹体宿主矿物U-Pb同位素年龄和团簇同位素（Δ<sub>47</sub>）温度约束建立成藏地质过程重建新方法。通过激光原位U-Pb同位素年龄和团簇同位素温度约束油气成藏时间和深度,包括两个关键步骤:①显微镜下液态或气态烃类包裹体特征、丰度和分布研究;②烃类包裹体宿主矿物激光原位U-Pb同位素定年和团簇同位素定温。该方法应用于川中古隆起震旦系灯影组气藏成藏期次研究,通过含烃包裹体白云石宿主矿物U-Pb同位素年龄和团簇同位素（Δ<sub>47</sub>）温度的测定,识别出3个成藏期:①以距今（416±23）Ma为代表的志留纪末的石油聚集;②以距今（248±27）Ma和（246.3±1.5）Ma为代表的二叠纪末—早三叠世的石油聚集;③以距今（115±69）Ma和（41±10）Ma为代表的燕山—喜马拉雅期天然气聚集。川中古隆起灯影组气藏成藏史与工区构造-埋藏史、盆地热史、烃源岩生烃史高度吻合,展示了碳酸盐矿物定年和定温技术在油气成藏期次研究中的适用性和可靠性,具推广应用价值。图5表1参45
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杨翰轩, 胡安平, 郑剑锋, 等. 面扫描和定年技术在古老碳酸盐岩储集层研究中的应用: 以塔里木盆地西北部震旦系奇格布拉克组为例[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2020, 47(5): 935-946.
针对古老海相碳酸盐岩成岩叠加改造复杂、储集层成因和油气运移前有效孔隙测算难等问题,以塔里木盆地西北部震旦系奇格布拉克组微生物白云岩储集层为例,应用元素激光面扫描成像技术和碳酸盐矿物激光U-Pb同位素定年技术,开展基于地球化学信息的成岩环境和基于绝对地质年龄的成岩-孔隙演化研究,得到以下两点认识:①在岩石学观察基础上,对孔洞中充填的不同期次白云石胶结物开展元素面扫描成像、碳氧稳定同位素组成、锶同位素组成、阴极发光等分析,认为奇格布拉克组白云岩储集层依次经历了沉积期白云石化、淡水成岩环境、海水成岩环境、极浅埋藏成岩环境、埋藏成岩环境、热液成岩环境6个阶段,储集空间主要形成于埋藏前的沉积环境(原生孔)和淡水成岩环境(表生溶蚀孔洞),海水、埋藏和热液环境引起白云石胶结物的逐渐充填减孔;②在储集层成因认识基础上,对孔洞中充填的各期次白云石胶结物开展测年,建立基于绝对地质年龄的成岩-孔隙演化曲线,认为胶结减孔主要发生在加里东早期,在玉尔吐斯组烃源岩生烃高峰期,储集层孔隙度仍可达到6%~10%。研究成果不仅为奇格布拉克组成藏有效性评价提供一定依据,也为定年和面扫描成像技术在古老碳酸盐岩储集层研究中的应用提供了案例。图6表1参56
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佘敏, 寿建峰, 沈安江, 等. 碳酸盐岩溶蚀规律与孔隙演化实验研究[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2016, 43(4): 564-572.
通过流体在岩石内部孔隙中运移与反应的实验方式,开展0.2%乙酸与4种类型碳酸盐岩的溶蚀实验,对溶蚀作用的控制因素及溶蚀效应进行研究。结果显示碳酸盐岩溶蚀量与温度呈反比、与压力成正比,且温度效应大于压力效应,因此浅埋藏低温环境是碳酸盐岩规模溶孔形成的有利条件。定量对比溶蚀前后孔隙体积和渗透率的变化,以及岩石内部孔隙演化,指出孔隙结构明显控制碳酸盐岩溶蚀效应和溶孔演化。孔隙型白云岩的孔隙分布具均质性,经历溶蚀后,孔隙体积和渗透率相应增加,且增加的是基质孔隙,储集空间类型保持为孔隙型;孔隙型灰岩由于初始孔隙和组构非均质性强,溶蚀导致孔隙体积和渗透率增加均较显著,但增加的是裂缝型孔隙,储集空间类型演化为缝洞型;溶蚀对裂缝-孔隙型白云岩和裂缝型灰岩的渗透率改善显著,渗透率增加2~3个数量级,且主要增加沿溶缝发育的孔（洞）,储集空间类型演化为缝洞型。图5表4参20
Experiments of acetic acid (initial 0.2%) with porous dolostone, fractured-porous-vuggy dolostone, porous limestone and fractured limestone were done in a continuous flow diagenesis simulation system to find out the controlling factor of dissolution and dissolution effect. The results show that the dissolution quantity of carbonate rock inversely proportional to temperature and directly proportional to pressure, and the temperature effect is greater than the pressure effect. Therefore, relatively shallow burial and lower temperature environment is more beneficial to the formation of large scale carbonate dissolution pores. Quantitative comparison of porosity volume and permeability variation, and evolution of pores inside the rock before and after the experiment show that pore structure has apparent control over the carbonate dissolution and pore evolution. After dissolution, porous dolomite with homogeneous pore distribution saw rise in pore volume (matrix pore volume) and permeability, and remained as pore type in terms of reservoir space; porous limestone, with significant heterogeneity in original pores and texture, saw significant increase in pore volume and permeability, but the increased pores were fracture type, so its reservoir space turned into fracture-pore type; dissolution increased the permeability of fracture-pore dolomite and fracture limestone remarkably by 2-3 orders of magnitude; and the pores increased were mainly along dissolution fractures, turning the reservoir space into fracture-cave type.
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胡安平, 佘敏, 沈安江, 等. 深层—超深层碳酸盐岩储层可视化模拟实验与孔隙演化机理[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2025, 52(2): 334-346.
针对深层—超深层碳酸盐岩孔隙形成演化过程与保持机理不清的难题，研制了超深层高温高压储层可视化模拟实验装置，针对四川盆地和塔里木盆地样品，开展深层—超深层逼近真实地质条件下的碳酸盐岩溶蚀-沉淀模拟实验。该装置包括4个核心模块：超高温超高压三轴应力岩心夹持器模块（温度大于300 ℃、压力大于150 MPa），具温压可调节功能的多时段-连续流模块，超高温度压力蓝宝石视窗池和流体属性高温高压原位测定模块，超高温超高压渗透率实时在线检测模块。应用该实验装置开展模拟实验，取得3项地质认识：①碳酸盐岩储层孔喉结构受控于岩性和初始孔喉结构，流体类型、浓度和溶蚀时长控制溶蚀程度，溶蚀过程存在2种演化模式，溶蚀规模与温度压力呈正相关关系，成孔高峰期与生烃高峰期匹配程度高；②开放-流动体系的白云岩溶蚀潜力大于灰岩，并受酸性流体类型、浓度和初始物性控制，可持续形成次生溶孔，且主要沿先存孔缝带发育和分布；③近封闭成岩体系中，酸性流体与碳酸盐岩持续反应达到饱和及动态平衡后，此时孔隙结构不再变化，先存孔隙得以保持。上述认识对深层—超深层碳酸盐岩储层孔喉结构和发育潜力评价、优质碳酸盐岩储层发育主控因素分析和分布预测具有指导意义。
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