In recent years, the annual incremental proved reserves of petroleum in China has decreased significantly. As a result, the incremental recoverable reserves are less than the output of the year, and the annual output has also fallen below 2×10⁸ t for 5 years. The average investment in exploration and development from 2015 to 2019 was at rock bottom, which is one of the reasons for the decline in oil reserves and production. The rapid development period of gas in China is a phase later than that of oil, and now it is still during a fast-developing period. China's shale gas has made a good beginning in the past 10 years, but it should be noted that the proved reserves obtained are limited to the shale in the Wufeng-Longmaxi formations in the southeastern Sichuan Basin. The proved reserves of shale oil have been obtained in the 7th oil layer of Yanchang Formation, and the construction of pilot development area has been started in the southwest of Ordos Basin. A major breakthrough of shale oil in the Lucaogou Formation has also been made in Jimsar sag of Junggar Basin, which is expected to achieve significant progress in reserves and production. However, it should be noted that the development of shale oil in China faces great difficulty and the threshold for economic development is high. Tight (sandstone) oil and gas is a field in which rapid progress is expected for the development of unconventional oil and gas in China in the near future. Of these, the Ordos Basin and the Sichuan Basin are the main areas for increasing reserves and production. The progress in coalbed methane development is far from the initial expectations, and careful researches are required for its occurrence conditions and development technology. This paper suggests that a new round of evaluation for strategic succession of oil and gas production should be carried out as soon as possible, proposes 5 preferred areas and fields, sponsors the establishment of an exploration fund to support pioneering exploration projects, and proposes to supplement and revise the relevant norms of reserve appraisal based on market orientation.

进入21 世纪，全球非常规油气发现进入活跃期，致密油/ 页岩油产量快速增长，页岩气产量持续增长， 致密气、煤层气产量稳定，天然气水合物试采取得突破。近年来，中国非常规油气勘探开发取得显著进展，页岩气、 致密油、致密气产量快速增长，页岩油勘探开发上升到国家战略高度。中国石油天然气集团有限公司（以下简称中国 石油）矿权区内致密油、页岩油资源丰富，近期在11 个区块相继获得勘探发现和突破，初步建成了多个规模产能区； 在鄂尔多斯盆地开展了中低成熟度页岩油原位转化现场先导试验，陆相页岩油革命正在积极组织推进。鉴于我国当前 油气对外依存度居高不下、需求旺盛的实际情况和陆相沉积复杂的地质条件，非常规油气的规模效益开发仍面临地质 评价、“甜点”预测、钻完井与采油气工艺技术、经济评价和管理等方面的一系列挑战。为实现中国石油非常规油气 资源效益勘探开发，需重点关注和处理好全生命周期管理、一体化运作、大数据应用、合理的配产政策、技术与成本、 市场化等关键问题，以期推动非常规油气产业高质量发展，保障国家能源安全。

Since the beginning of the 21st century, discoveries of global unconventional oil and gas have entered an active period. Production of tight oil/shale oil has increased rapidly, shale gas has continued to grow, tight gas and Coal Bed Methane (CBM) have been stable, and breakthroughs have been obtained in early production tests of natural gas hydrate (NGH). In recent years, significant progress has been made in exploration and development of unconventional oil and gas in China. The production of shale gas, tight oil, and tight gas have been increasing rapidly, and the exploration and development of shale oil have risen to a national strategic level. Tight oil and shale oil resources in the mining-rights blocks of the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) are abundant. Recently, exploration discoveries and breakthroughs have been made in 11 blocks, and several large-scale productivity blocks have been preliminarily established. Pilot tests of in-situ conversion of shale oil with medium-low maturity have been carried out in the Ordos Basin, and the continental shale oil revolution is being actively promoted. Currently, external dependence on oil and gas is high in China, and demand is strong. However, due to the complicated geological conditions of continental facies, large-scale benefit development of unconventional oil and gas still faces a series of challenges in geological evaluation, sweet spot prediction, drilling and completion, oil and gas production technologies, economic evaluation, and management. In order to achieve benefit exploration and development of the unconventional oil and gas resources of CNPC, key issues should be focused on and diligently addressed, such as whole life cycle management, integration operation, big data application, appropriate production allocation strategy, technology and cost, marketization, and so on, to promote high-quality development in the unconventional oil and gas industry and thereby ensure national energy security.

中国南方复杂构造区海相烃源岩的非常规天然气资源潜力巨大,经过10余年的探索和实践,中国石油浙江油田公司目前已成功实现了昭通黄金坝—紫金坝中—深层页岩气和太阳山地浅层页岩气、筠连山地煤层气、渝西大安深层页岩气和灰质源岩气多地区、多层系、多类型的商业性突破。基于多类型源内非常规天然气的勘探研究,提出了泥质、煤质、灰质3类富有机质烃源岩"源内成储成藏"的非常规勘探理念并进行了理论深化和技术创新。四川盆地外缘的太阳气田作为中国工业开发的大型整装龙马溪组浅层页岩气田,具有"多场协同、多元耦合、多因素控产"的富集高产特征;针对太阳气田创建了基于页岩自封闭的"三维封存体系"和"自生自储为主、部分横向补给成藏"的浅层页岩气成藏模式,揭示了基于"页岩纳米级孔隙极低渗透性、浅层吸附性增强和三明治式封隔性"的浅层页岩气自封闭的内涵,提出前陆盆地深水陆棚区稳定连片分布的内源生物硅质页岩是优质"甜点"储层,初步推测中国南方浅层页岩气的总资源量可达10×10¹²m³。大安深层页岩气藏的龙马溪组具有隔档式褶皱构造形变特点,具有良好的断层封闭和页岩顶、底板条件,对其建立了"窄陡背斜断层遮挡、宽缓向斜连续分布"的富集成藏模式;目前,中国南方深层页岩气资源潜力巨大,地质资源预计约为35×10¹²m³。筠连山地煤层气田是中国南方率先获得煤层气勘探重大突破的区块和煤层气开发先导试验区,7年的稳产证实山地煤层气可商业开发,其整体受构造、保存、水文等多因素共同制约,煤层气具有"宽缓向斜富气"的成藏模式;目前,中国南方地区埋深在2 000 m以浅的煤层气地质资源量可达5.46×10¹²m³。大安地区茅口组一段基于水平井开发方式在源-储一体型灰质源岩气中实现了新层系、新类型非常规天然气勘探的重大突破;灰质源岩气具有"源-储一体为主、兼局部构造运移富集"的成藏模式;初步估算四川盆地茅口组一段的资源量可达2×10¹²m³,有望开启一个源内非常规勘探新领域。中国南方复杂构造区具有泥质、煤质、灰质"源内成储成藏",多种类型非常规天然气广泛分布,沉积、成岩、成储、成烃、成藏的非常规"特殊性",储层中微米—纳米级孔隙空间的吸附性较强,油气藏往往具有不受构造圈闭控制的连续型区域展布的特征,油气资源潜力巨大,新区新领域的非常规天然气勘探开发前景未来可期。

The unconventional gas resources of marine source rocks in the complex tectonic areas of southern China have great potentials. After more than 10 years of exploration and practice, PetroChina Zhejiang Oilfield Company has achieved commercial breakthroughs in exploration of multi-region, multi-stratum and multi-type hydrocarbons, including middle-deep shale gas in Huangjinba-Zijinba block of Zhaotong area, shallow shale gas in Taiyang mountain area, coalbed methane in Junlian mountain area, as well as deep shale gas and limestone source rock gas in Da’an block of western Chongqing area. Based on studying the exploration of multi-type in-source unconventional gas, the paper proposes the unconventional exploration concept of "in-source reservoir and accumulation" in three types of organic matter rich source rocks, namely argillaceous, coal-based and calcareous source rocks; moreover, further theory exploration and technology innovation have been implemented. As a large shallow monoblock shale gas field of Longmaxi Formation developed by China’s industrial sector, Taiyang gas field outside Sichuan Basin has the characteristics of "multi-field synergy, multi-factor coupling, and multi-element control on production", showing high-level enrichment and high production. On this basis, the paper establishes a three-dimensional storage system based on shale self-sealing ability and a shallow shale gas accumulation and occurrence model of "self-generating and self-preserving, supported with partial horizontal hydrocarbon supply". It also reveals the main connotation of shallow shale gas self-sealing based on "extremely low permeability of nanoscale pores, enhanced adsorbability of shallow layer, and sandwich-like pack-off capability of shale". It is proposed that the stable and contiguously distributed endogenous biogenic siliceous shale in the deep-water shelf of foreland basin is a high-quality sweet spot reservoir. Moreover, it is preliminarily speculated that the total amount of shallow shale gas in southern China can reach 10×10¹²m³. The deep shale gas in Longmaxi Formation of Da’an block is characterized with tectonic deformation of ejective folds, and has good fault sealing and shale roof and floor conditions, for which the enrichment and accumulation model of "narrow and steep anticline fault barrier, continuously distributed, wide and gentle syncline" has been established. The deep shale gas resources in southern China have great potential, and the geological resources are estimated to be about 35×10¹²m³. Junlian mountain area is the first block to achieve major breakthrough in coalbed methane exploration and a pilot test field for coalbed methane development are initially achieved in southern China. Seven years of stable production has proved that the commercial development of mountain coalbed methane is feasible, which is simultaneously influenced by several factors such as tectonics, preservation, and hydrology. Therefore, the coalbed methane accumulation model of "wide and gentle syncline rich in gas" is proposed herein. The coalbed methane resources buried at a depth shallower than 2 000 m in southern China amount to 5.46×10¹²m³. By use of the horizontal well method, major breakthroughs have been made in the exploration of unconventional natural gas in new strata and new types of source-reservoir integrated limestone source rock gas in the Member 1 of Maokou Formation of Da’an block, based on which an accumulation pattern of "source-reservoir integration supported with local tectonic migration and enrichment" was established. It is preliminarily estimated that the resources from Member 1 of Maokou Formation in Sichuan Basin can amount to 2×10¹²m³, which is expected to open up a new field of in-source unconventional hydrocarbon exploration. Various types of unconventional gas originated from in-source reservoir formation and accumulation in argillaceous, coal-based and calcareous strata are widely distributed in the complex tectonic areas of southern China, which has particularities in sedimentation, diagenesis, reservoir formation, hydrocarbon generation and accumulation, as well as strong adsorbability of micro-nano level reservoir pore space. Additionally, the regional distribution of continuous reservoirs is not controlled by tectonic traps, indicating the great potential of oil and gas resources in the study areas, and a promising prospect for unconventional gas exploration and development in new areas and new fields in the future.

在分析全球常规-非常规油气发展态势、梳理中国近10年油气地质理论与技术创新成果基础上，系统阐述了常规-非常规油气“有序聚集”内涵，指出常规油气供烃方向有非常规油气共生、非常规油气外围空间可能有常规油气伴生，强调常规油气与非常规油气协同发展，找油思想从“源外找油”深入到“进源找油”。非常规油气甜点着眼于烃源性、岩性、物性、脆性、含油气性与应力各向异性“六特性”匹配评价，以页岩气为例，中国有利页岩气TOC大于2%，纹层状硅质钙质或钙质硅质页岩，孔隙度3%～8%，脆性矿物含量50%～80%，含气量2.3～4.1 m3/t，压力系数1.0～2.3，天然裂缝发育；北美有利页岩气TOC大于4%，硅质页岩、钙质页岩或泥灰岩，孔隙度4%～9%，脆性矿物含量40%～70%，含气量2.8～9.9 m3/t，压力系数1.30～1.85，天然裂缝发育。重点论述了“甜点区”评价、平台式“工厂化”生产模式等方法与技术：提出非常规油气富集“甜点区”8项评价标准，其中3项关键指标是TOC大于2%（其中页岩油S1大于2 mg/g）、孔隙度较高（致密油气大于10%，页岩油气大于3%）和微裂缝发育；阐述了多井平台式“工厂化”生产内涵及其实施需要具备“批量布井、标准设计、流水作业、重复利用”4要素；通过地下含油气地层各方向水平井体积压裂，形成大型人工缝网系统“人造油气藏”。图6表7参67

Based on the latest global conventional-unconventional petroleum development situation and the conclusion of petroleum geology theory and technology innovation in recent 10 years, the connotation of conventional and unconventional petroleum “orderly accumulation” is formulated. This concept indicates that, unconventional petroleum occurs in the hydrocarbon supply direction of conventional petroleum, and conventional petroleum may appear in the outer space of unconventional petroleum. Proper evaluation methods and engineering technology are important to push the conventional-unconventional petroleum co-development, and the petroleum finding thought from outer-source into inner-source. Unconventional petroleum evaluation focuses on source rocks characteristics, lithology, physical property, brittleness, oil-gas possibility and stress anisotropy. Taking shale gas for examples, in China, these six properties are TOC>2%, laminated silicious calcareous shale or calcareous silicious shale, porosity 3%-8%, brittle minerals content 50%-80%, gas content 2.3-4.1 m3/t, pressure coefficient 1.0-2.3, natural fractures; in north America, these six properties are TOC>4%, silicious shale or calcareous shale or marl, porosity 4%-9%, brittle minerals content 40%-70%, gas content 2.8-9.9 m3/t, pressure coefficient 1.30-1.85, natural fractures. “Sweet spot area” assessment, “factory-like” operation pattern and other core methods and technologies are discussed. And 8 key elements of unconventional “sweet spot area” are proposed, 3 of them are TOC>2% (for shale oil S1>2 mg/g), higher porosity (for tight oil&gas >10%, shale oil&gas >3%), and microfractures. Multiple wells “factory-like” operation pattern is elaborated, and its implementation needs 4 elements, i.e. batch well spacing, standard design, flow process, and reutilization. Through horizontal well volume fractures in directions, “man-made reservoirs” with large-scale fracture systems can be formed underground.

With the world^’s oil and gas industry developing from conventional oil exploration and development to unconventional oilfield, the study of unconventional oil exploration is drawing great attention. Unconventional and conventional oil and gas are substantiallydifferent in terms of eight aspects – basic conception, subject system, geological study, exploration method, evaluation of ^“sweet-spot zone,^”technological research, development method and production pattern. The geological theories of unconventional and conventional oil andgas are based separately on continuous hydrocarbon accumulation theory and buoyant trap accumulation theory. Unconventional oil and gashas two key characteristics. One is continuous distribution of oil and gas in a large area without obvious boundaries of traps. The other isno stable natural industrial output. The Darcy seepage is not obvious. There are two key parameters – porosity is lower than 10% and pore throat diameter is lower than 1μm or air permeability is lower than 1mD. As for conventional oil and gas, the above-stated characteristicsand parameters are apparently different. The porosity usually ranges from 10% to 30% and the permeability is usually higher than 1mD.Unconventional oil evaluation is focused on six geological properties, such as source rock characteristics, lithologic character, physicalproperty, brittleness, petroliferous property, and stress anisotropy. Conventional oil evaluation is focused on source rock, reservoir, cap rock,trap, migration and preservation as well as the optimum coupling relations of these six characteristics. There are eight elements for evaluationof ^“sweet spot zone^” of unconventional oil and gas abundance, of which three key elements are TOC higher than 2%, high porosity (tight oiland gas higher than 10% and shale oil and gas higher 3%) and development of micro-fractures. Evaluation of conventional oil reservoir isfocused on core elements of accumulations and matching of time and space, emphasizing high-quality hydrocarbon source kitchen, favorablereservoir body, scale of trap, and effective conducting system. Unconventional oil and gas is obviously different from and closely related toconventional oil and gas. Unconventional oil and gas has something in common with conventional oil and gas, such as in the same oil and gassystem and sharing the same hydrocarbon source system, the same primary migration force and the similar oil and gas components. Based onthe substantial relations in genesis and distribution, conventional and unconventional oil and gas are in ^“orderly accumulations,^”related toeach other in genesis, and symbiotic in time and space, forming a set of unified oil and gas accumulation system. In accordance with the lawthat conventional and unconventional oil and gas are in ^“orderly accumulations,^” the two different types of oil and gas resources should betaken into account as a whole in the process of exploration and development for harmonious development.

昭通国家级页岩气示范区太阳背斜区浅层页岩气赋存与产能潜力受控于富有机质页岩储层厚度、物性、顶/底板封闭性、含气性及可压性五大地质要素，气藏显现出吸附气含量偏高、地层弱超压、初期产量相对偏低、气井产量稳定、递减率低等特征。通过创新集成，形成了浅层页岩气甜点选区评价技术、产能目标导向高效布井技术、国产近钻头地质导向技术、安全高效优快钻井技术、浅层页岩气体积压裂与精细控压排采等高效勘探开发关键技术，建立了太阳背斜区浅层页岩气开发示范基地，推动了昭通国家级页岩气示范区浅层页岩气勘探开发进程，引领了四川盆地以外中国南方复杂构造区海相山地浅层页岩气勘探开发进程。

The occurrence and productivity potential of shallow shale gas in the Taiyang anticline area of Zhaotong National Shale Gas Demonstration Zone are controlled by five major geological factors including the thickness, physical properties, sealing properties of roof and floor, and compressibility of organic-rich shale reservoirs. The gas reservoirs are characterized by high adsorbed gas content, weak overpressure, relatively low initial production, stable production of gas well, and low decline rate. Through innovation and integration, the authors have developed the evaluation technology for selecting the sweet spots of shallow shale gas, productivity target-oriented efficient well spacing technology, geo-steering technology of near bits made in China, safe, efficient and fast drilling technology, as well as the key efficient exploration and development technologies such as volume fracturing, fine pressure control, and discharge and mining technology of shallow shale gas, established a demonstration base of shallow shale gas development in the Taiyang anticline area, promoted the exploration and development of shallow shale gas in the Zhaotong National Shale Gas Demonstration Zone, and led the exploration and development of shallow shale gas in marine mountainous regions in complex structural areas of south China outside the Sichuan Basin.

中国南方海相页岩气区具有不同于北美页岩气区的地面条件和地下地质条件，因此，四川盆地及周缘海相页岩气区很难采用北美大规模、高密度、连片化布井的开发模式，为此引入了地质—工程一体化的理念。针对钻井技术及工程难度大、建井周期长、建井综合成本高问题，首次提出钻井品质概念，结合北美页岩气开发实践形成的储层品质和完井品质概念，提出了适用于中国页岩气开发特点的“品质三角形”。在此基础上，提出了主要针对中国南方海相页岩气开发的地质—工程一体化实施的技术路线。围绕提高页岩气单井产量这个关键问题，在丛式水平井平台工厂化开发方案实施过程中，对钻井、固井、压裂、试采和生产等多学科知识和工程作业经验进行系统性、针对性和快速的积累和总结，对工程技术方案进行不断调整和完善，在页岩气开发区块、工厂化平台和单井3种尺度，分层次、动态地优化工程效率与开发效益，实现页岩气的经济开发和效益开发。昭通国家级页岩气示范区黄金坝YS108区块开展地质—工程一体化实践所取得的经验和应用效果，证明其具有有效性和推广价值，并基于现有数据和研究成果，探讨了龙马溪组海相页岩气的高产富集规律。

Shale gas development in Sichuan Basin and its adjacent areas can be difficult to apply as same mega-scale, high density and continuous and regular pad drilling as in North America (NA) because of significantly different surface and subsurface conditions than NA. In order to speed up development of marine shale gas in Sichuan Basin and its adjacent areas with minimized learning curve, this paper introduces geoscience-to-production integration of research, engineering and operation with its associated theory, methodology and workflow. Drilling Quality is firstly established because of significant challenges to drilling technologies and engineering, long well-construction cycle, and high overall cost of well. Together with Reservoir Quality and Completion Quality which are already applied in NA’s shales, the Quality Triangle is formed to respect the uniqueness of China^’.s shale plays. This Quality Triangle forms the basis for an innovative development workflow to implement geoscience-to-production integration of research, engineering and operation. In the rapid progress of factory drilling and completion of shale gas development, it aims to dynamically optimize both efficiency and effectiveness at single well, pad, and field scales with ensured systematically and continuously optimizing technologies and solutions, and accumulating knowledge and experiences in order to ultimately enhance well productivities. This paper summarizes the implementation and success of the described such into the Zhaotong Huangjinba National Shale Gas Demonstration Project. The success proves the essential valuesand general applicability of the proposed philosophy into other adjacent shale gas projects and even other unconventional blocks. Additionally, controlling factor of high productivity of the Longmaxi shale will be discussed based on currently available data and understanding.

针对涪陵页岩气田焦石坝区块一次井网储量动用率和采收率偏低、开发层系无明显隔层、分层开发难度大的问题，基于页岩气富集高产主控因素认识，研究了页岩气储集层精细描述与建模、立体开发技术政策优化、密织井网高效钻井和精准压裂与实时调控等页岩气立体开发理论技术。立体开发的内涵是基于页岩气的沉积特征、储集特点和甜点分布，应用优快钻井、体积压裂技术，在多维空间改造形成“人工气藏”，实现页岩气开发的储量动用率、采收率、收益率最大化。在页岩气立体开发研究过程中，地质工程耦合甜点描述是基础、天然裂缝与人工缝网的协同优化是关键，钻井及压裂工程提速提效是保障。通过实施立体开发，涪陵页岩气田焦石坝区块整体采收率从12.6%提高到23.3%，为气田持续稳产上产提供了重要支撑。

针对鄂西—渝东复杂构造区二叠系大隆组页岩气富集主控因素与成藏机理不清的问题，通过典型钻井分析、地球化学测试、扫描电镜观察、甲烷等温吸附实验及数值模拟等方法，结合构造演化与保存条件研究，系统揭示其富集规律与成藏模式。结果表明：①大隆组页岩气富集受“海槽控页岩沉积、物源控储层非均质性、温压控赋存状态、构造控差异富集”四因素协同作用：裂陷海槽（城口—鄂西、开江—梁平）的形态与规模决定了富有机质页岩的发育程度（TOC平均值大于6%，厚度15~50 m）；多物源导致储层的非均质性强，内源矿物为主（占74.31%），孔隙发育以有机质孔为主（微、中孔占比93.4%）；地层温压条件控制页岩气的赋存状态，埋深500~2 750 m的温压环境有利于吸附气赋存（占比大于50%），埋深大于2 750 m的温压条件下游离气更为富集（占比大于50%）；燕山期构造活动的抬升剥蚀与断裂系统联合造成页岩气的差异富集，其中宽缓背斜、残留向斜、低缓斜坡3类构造样式中页岩气较为富集。②鄂西—渝东复杂构造区以中浅层页岩为主，其页岩气的自封闭机理：大隆组页岩含水层通过水膜与毛细管力对下倾方向页岩气形成侧向封堵，与上覆大冶组灰岩与下伏下窑组致密层组合，形成向斜/单斜自封闭成藏模式。“四因素协同控制”及自封闭成藏模式等地质认识为复杂构造区页岩气提供动态耦合评价框架，推动页岩气勘探评价由静态描述向储层-构造-流体协同动态分析的转变。

川南地区筠连煤层气田作为中国南方浅层改造区内已实现规模商业开采的山地煤层气田,其煤层气产量已连续8年达到1×10⁸m³/a以上的稳产。筠连煤层气具有"地处复杂山地,发育于浪控潮坪薄煤层,早期深埋藏高煤阶生烃,晚期浅层改造成藏调整并赋存,煤岩为低渗透,赋存常压型吸附气"的山地煤层气特征。与国内外其他煤层气田相比,筠连煤层气田的高效勘探和效益开发面临着"两无"(无高原山地薄互煤层高阶煤层气勘探开发经验、无成熟的喀斯特岩溶地貌钻压采技术借鉴)和"四难"(乌蒙山地区甜点评选部署难、在喀斯特地貌表层岩溶地质条件下钻压技术实施难、低产水降压智能精细排采难、低产低压低成本山地集输难)的严重挑战。基于筠连煤层气田面临的薄互煤层遭受浅层改造的特点及技术难题,通过系统开展煤层气成藏规律及关键技术研究,明确了川南地区上二叠统乐平组煤层气储层具有"浅层化、过成熟高煤阶、层薄、低渗、低压、低含水"等特征,揭示了山地浅层薄互煤层气藏"潮坪沼泽控煤层、早期深埋-热演化控生烃、晚期浅层化调整控气藏、现今滞留水-承压水区控甜点富集"的赋存富集机理,建立了在盆山耦合浅层改造作用下残留型构造坳陷内"宽缓向斜富气"的甜点模式。攻克了"在碳酸盐岩裸露区喀斯特地貌表层岩溶地质条件下浅层高煤阶薄煤层"山地煤层气勘探开发的技术难题,建立了复杂山地浅层煤层气以"低成本、实用、高效"为特色的一体化甜点评价与部署设计、工厂化优快钻井压裂、智能化精细控压排采以及产销一体化地面集输等浅层低压煤层气连续有效开采技术系列。筠连煤层气田的成功开发标志着中国南方煤层气产业迈出了关键步伐,其勘探地质理论与开发关键技术推动了"筠连模式"的形成和应用,为中国南方乃至其他地区同类型浅层薄互层高煤阶煤层气资源的高效利用和产业链发展提供了重要示范。

四川盆地渝西大安地区茅口组一段（茅一段）灰质源岩气勘探取得了重大突破，对灰质源岩气的源内非常规勘探具有重要借鉴和示范意义。DB1H井是四川盆地针对茅一段暗色灰质源岩非常规气藏评价部署的首口水平井，通过酸化压裂试气获得高达55.6×10⁴m³/d的测试产量。系统介绍了渝西大安地区茅一段灰质源岩气的发现历程，展望了四川盆地茅一段灰质源岩气的资源前景。通过对渝西大安地区茅一段灰质源岩地质特征研究，认为该层系岩性主要为中缓坡相深灰色—黑灰色富有机质泥晶生屑灰岩，且区域稳定分布，是中国南方中上扬子地区重要的海相灰质源岩地层。茅一段灰质源岩气整体经历了富有机质碳酸盐岩沉积—成岩—成烃—成储—成藏—赋存“源内一体化演变”成藏过程，具有“源储一体、原位富集、连续型展布”的成藏特征。以微米级为主体的源内微观孔隙及与断层伴生的溶蚀孔洞、微缝网体系为气体主要储集空间，构成了基质孔隙型（原生型）和裂缝—孔隙型（改造型）两类储层，建立了“源储一体为主兼构造转折带短距离运移富集”的灰质源岩气成藏模式和甜点评价体系。富有机质暗色灰质源岩的发育、有利的古隆起和现今背斜构造背景，及与古断层有关的断控型岩溶、张性应力微裂缝的发育叠置，为茅一段灰质源岩新型储层富集高产的关键。初步估算四川盆地茅一段灰质源岩气资源量可达2×10¹²m³，将成为盆内现实增储上产战略意义的非常规勘探新领域。

A major breakthrough has been made in the exploration of limy source rock gas in the first member of Maokou Formation (Mao 1 member) in Well DB1H in Da’an area in the western Chongqing, Sichuan Basin, which has important reference and demonstration significance for the intra-source exploration of limy source rock unconventional gas in the Basin. The first horizontal well DB1H was drilled to evaluate the dark limy source rock gas reservoir in Mao 1 member in Sichuan Basin and a high gas rate of 55.6×10⁴ m³/d was tested after acidizing and fracturing. The discovery process of limy source rock gas in Mao 1 member in Da’an area has systematically been introduced, and the resource prospect in Sichuan Basin has been estimated. The analysis of geological characteristics of limy source rock gas in Mao 1 member in Da’an area in the western Chongqing shows that the main lithology is composed of medium-gentle slope facies deep gray-black organic-rich micritic bioclastic limestone, with stable distribution in the region, which is an important marine limy source rock in the Middle and Upper Yangtze region in South China. The hydrocarbon accumulation process of limy source rock gas in Mao 1 member showed an “intra-source integrated evolution” of organic-rich carbonate rock deposition, diagenesis, hydrocarbon generation, reservoir formation, hydrocarbon accumulation and preservation, which had characteristics of “source rock and reservoir integration, in-situ hydrocarbon enrichment, and contiguous gas distribution”. The micro-sized pores in source rock, and the dissolution pores and micro-fracture network system associated with faults served as the main reservoir space, forming two types of reservoirs, i.e., matrix porosity type (primary) and fracture-porosity type (transformed). The hydrocarbon accumulation pattern of “mainly source rock and reservoir integration and enrichment in local structural transition zone after short-distance migration” has been established and the sweet spot evaluation system has been constructed. The key factors for gas enrichment and high-yield production in the new type of limy source rock reservoir in Mao 1 member include the development of organic rich dark limy source rock, favorable paleo uplift, anticlinal tectonic settings at present, and fault-controlled karst and extensional micro-fractures. The estimated resources of limy source rock gas in Mao 1 member are 2×10¹² m³in Sichuan Basin, which is a new unconventional field for increasing reserves and production in the basin.

四川盆地二叠系龙潭组煤岩气分布范围广，资源潜力大。通过对煤岩宏观分布研究，结合岩心的有机地球化学分析、物性-孔隙结构分析以及等温吸附实验，对遂宁—合江地区二叠系龙潭组煤岩气的储层特征进行了深入剖析，并评价了其勘探前景。研究结果表明：①遂宁—合江地区龙潭组煤岩沉积于滨岸—沼泽环境，煤岩总厚度大，层数多，单层厚度小，主力煤组为C_17—20煤，厚度为1.0～5.9 m，主力煤层单层厚度为1.0～4.5 m。②研究区煤岩以光亮煤—半亮煤为主，煤体结构好，镜质组含量高，灰分含量低。③研究区煤岩储层物性较好，有机质孔和无机孔协同发育，较多的微孔和微裂隙有利于煤岩气的吸附、储层改造与气体渗流。煤岩总含气量高，其质量体积为16.4～30.5 m³/t，其中游离气占总含气量的25.8%～37.1%，在一定埋深范围内，总含气量和游离气比例均随埋深的增加而增大。④研究区龙潭组煤岩储-盖组合优良，主要发育煤-泥组合和煤-砂组合，以煤-泥组合的成藏条件最好，高产井证实研究区具备良好的煤岩气勘探前景，预测煤岩气有利区面积为6 431 km²，资源量为2.53×10⁸ m³。

基于全球94个主要含煤盆地的区域地质、地震、钻井、测井、录井和生产动态等资料，在煤资源筛选和统计的基础上，参考国内煤岩气界定方法和评价标准，类比中国沉积盆地煤岩的构造沉积和埋藏热演化条件，以体积法为主，部分地区采用容积法，估算全球煤岩气资源潜力，明确资源分布；基于5类共14项参数指标体系及赋分标准，对盆地排队优选，指出未来重点攻关方向。研究表明：①全球煤岩主要发育在4类原型盆地的4类沼泽环境，分布于五大成煤期和八大聚煤带，煤地质资源量约为42×10¹² t，其中1 500 m以深煤岩的地质资源量为22×10¹² t。②全球深层煤岩中赋存的煤岩气地质资源量约为232×10¹² m³，其中俄罗斯、加拿大、美国、中国和澳大利亚5个国家煤岩气地质资源量之和占比超过90%，中国占比为24%。③全球煤岩气资源量前10大盆地为阿尔伯塔、库兹涅茨克、鄂尔多斯、东西伯利亚、博文、西西伯利亚、四川、南图尔盖、勒拿—维柳伊、塔里木，占比75%；二叠系、白垩系、石炭系、侏罗系、古近系—新近系的煤岩气资源量占比分别为32%，30%，18%，10%，7%。④综合评价全球煤岩气勘探开发最为现实的前10大重点盆地为阿尔伯塔、鄂尔多斯、库兹涅茨克、圣胡安、四川、东西伯利亚、落基山、博文、准噶尔、沁水。在中国成功开发实践的推动下，煤岩气目前正处于理论突破、技术创新和产量增长期，或将引领新一轮全球非常规油气革命。

基于煤系全油气系统理论新认识，针对鄂尔多斯、四川和准噶尔等盆地广泛发育的海陆过渡相及陆相煤岩，利用大量煤岩气及其他油气井资料进行关键参数论证，开展全国陆上煤岩气资源评价。取得以下主要成果和认识：①构建了一套适用于各类地质条件和不同资料丰富程度的煤岩气资源评价方法体系。②明确了深层煤岩气资源评价的起评界限：按照盆地地质条件差异将煤岩气临界深度上限分别定为1 500，2 000，2 500 m，煤岩储层厚度下限定为1 m，中低煤阶和中高煤阶煤岩气的含气量下限分别定为2，10 m³/t。③基于煤岩气实验测试、测井资料等基础数据，建立了煤岩含气量、孔隙度和技术可采系数等关键参数的取值方法。④资源评价结果表明，中国陆上14个主要含煤盆地煤岩气地质资源量为55.11×10¹² m³，其中埋深1 500~3 000，3 000~5 000，5 000~6 000 m的资源量分别占总资源量的50.29%，43.11%，6.60%；煤岩气资源分类评价结果显示，Ⅰ类资源占比21.80%，Ⅱ类资源占比32.76%，Ⅲ类资源占比45.44%；Ⅰ+Ⅱ类技术可采资源量约13.23×10¹² m³。⑤鄂尔多斯盆地是中国煤岩气勘探开发的主战场，四川、准噶尔和塔里木等盆地是勘探开发的重要领域，渤海湾、柴达木、吐哈、松辽和海拉尔等盆地可作为远景区。预计未来10~15年内具备年产500×10⁸ m³的开发潜力，煤岩气有望成为中国天然气上产主要领域和保障国家天然气供应安全的重要接替资源，为建设能源强国贡献非常规力量。