Six sets of high-quality source rocks have been identified globally, with three of them in the pre-Mesozoic strata serving as the primary source rocks for ancient oil and gas reservoirs. Ancient oil and gas reservoirs from the pre-Mesozoic strata exhibit five key characteristics. (1) The predominant basin types include foreland, passive continental margin, and cratonic basins. (2) Their primary type of oil and gas resources remains conventional, although shale oil and gas is developing rapidly. (3) Their oil and gas accumulations are primarily concentrated in the Permian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Ordovician. (4) Their reservoir lithology is primarily composed of limestones, sandstones, shales, and dolomites. (5) Their burial depth is predominantly within the middle to shallow layers, indicating significant potential for deep plays. The substantial discoveries of ancient oil and gas plays demonstrate enrichment in four fields: the periphery of cratons, carbonate reservoirs, shale oil and shale gas reservoirs, and basement reservoirs. After analyzing the major discoveries in key areas, it is revealed that high-quality source-reservoir-seal combinations form readily in the peripheral regions of cratons that were historically located within low-latitude intertropical convergence zones. Global significant events have played a crucial role in shaping the development of source rocks and the enrichment of shale oil and gas. Within the temporal framework of these significant global events, potential plays can be optimized in advance by reconstructing the paleo-positions of accumulation elements. Based on independent evaluations of recoverable oil and gas reserves and yet-to-be-discovered resources, it is evident that conventional oil and gas exploration should focus on the Arabian Basin, Zagros Basin, Tarim Basin, and other basins. Basement rocks and residual strata are also important potential exploration areas. For shale oil and shale gas exploration, the focus should be on the Devonian Domanik shale in the Timan-Pechora and the Volga-Ural basins in Russia, the Silurian hot shale in the Arabian Basin in the Middle East, the Silurian and Devonian plays in the Ghadames Basin in the North Africa, and several sets of shales in the Sichuan and Junggar basins in China.

过去10年，全球油气勘探经历了油价两次断崖式下跌和“碳中和”的双重考验，勘探投资不断降低；同时随着深水油气地质理论和勘探技术的持续进步，勘探效率大幅提升。在此基础上，全球油气勘探呈现出5个显著特点：（1）油气发现个数持续减少，但平均规模不断增加；（2）天然气新发现持续维持在六成以上的较高水平，成为重要的储量增长点；（3）深水/超深水成为最为重要的增储阵地，不断揭示多个勘探新领域；（4）新发现由中浅层逐渐向深层/超深层转移，海域、陆域均有新突破；（5）巨型油气田发现维持在相对较高水平。58%的油气勘探新发现来自前沿和新兴领域的风险勘探，42%的新增储量来自成熟盆地的滚动勘探。全球油气勘探程度仍处于中低水平，未来勘探潜力可期；前沿领域是勘探的重点，应超前布局；深水、深层、天然气领域是未来的重要发展方向。同时指出俄罗斯北极、索马里海域、加勒比海周缘等十大领域值得重点关注。

In the past 10 years, global oil and gas exploration experienced the double test of twice sharp falls of oil prices and “carbon neutralization”, and the exploration investment was continuously reduced; Meanwhile, the continuous development of oil and gas geological theory and exploration technology resulted in the great improvement of exploration efficiency. As a whole, global oil and gas exploration shows five remarkable characteristics: (1) The number of oil and gas discoveries has been decreasing, but the average size continuously been increasing; (2) The new discovery of natural gas has been maintained at a high level of more than 60%, growing to be a major direction of reserve growth; (3) Deep water/ultra-deep water has become the most important areas for increasing reserves, and multiple new exploration areas have been identified; (4) The new discoveries have gradually shifted from the middle-shallow formation to the deep/ultra-deep formation, and new breakthroughs have been made in the offshore area and onshore area; (5) The discoveries of giant oil and gas fields have remained at a relatively high level. The new discoveries from venture exploration in frontier areas contribute 58% of the total oil and gas discoveries, and the new reserves from rolling exploration in mature basins contribute 42% of the total reserve volume. The maturity of global oil and gas exploration is still at a medium-low level, and the exploration potential is great in the future; The frontier region is the main areas for oil and gas exploration, which should be deployed in advanced; Deep water, deep formation and natural gas areas are important exploration orientations in the future. Furthermore, it is suggested that 10 areas deserve special attention, such as the Russian Arctic, Somali offshore areas and the periphery of the Caribbean Sea.

—The estimation results of the initial total unconventional resources of hydrocarbon in Domanik type sediments, the Khadum and Bazhenov formations are provided. The reasonability of estimating hydrocarbon resources in these deposits by the volumetric method is substantiated. The stratigraphic interval of their distribution is given. The technique of oil and gas geological zoning based on the mapping of structural and facies zones, the degree of catagenetic transformation of organic matter, and the boundary values of the thickness of carbonaceous rocks in the section is described. The criteria for the allocation of pay intervals that make up the effective part of the section are determined. The choice of parameters such as porosity coefficient, oil recovery coefficient, oil saturation coefficient, correction factor and oil density is justified. For each complex of deposits, adjustments related to the features of the geological structure of the estimation targets, the conditions of their occurrence and the degree of geological and geophysical study have been introduced into the estimation of total geological resources. The volumes of total geological and recoverable resources of unconventional hydrocarbon sources for the Volga– Ural, Timan–Pechora, Black Sea–North Caucasus, West Siberian and Lena–Tunguska oil and gas provinces are given. The conducted research has rationalized extensive resources, the recovery of which can compensate for the decrease in oil volumes from traditional deposits.

The West Siberian Basin is a Mesozoic - Cenozoic giant rift basin rich in oil and gas with an area over 238×104 km2. The high-quality source rocks and reservoirs of the basin are developed in the post rift depression stage of Jurassic - Cretaceous, which is obviously different from the characteristics of typical rift basins where oil and gas are concentrated in rift strata. Based on the systematic lithofacies paleogeographic mapping, analysis of elements and assemblages of reservoir forming, this paper divides the reservoir forming assemblages developed in the basin depression stage, discusses the oil and gas distribution law of each reservoir forming assemblages, and points out the exploration direction that needs to be focused on in the future. The results show that the West Siberian Basin goes through a longtime, large-scale transgression-regression sedimentary cycle from the Early Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous Barremian, which controls the development of the major source rock and the lower reservoir forming assemblages within the basin. During the late Barremian to the end of the Late Cretaceous, the basin changes into the short-period and multiple transgression-regression sedimentary cycles, which control the development of the upper reservoir forming assemblages. The Jurassic-Cretaceous can be vertically divided into seven reservoir forming assemblages. Most of the oil and gas are enriched in the reservoir forming assemblages of the Lower Cretaceous Berriasian to Barremian and upper Aptian to the Upper Cretaceous Cenomanian. The large structural traps of the Pourskoye Formation of the upper Aptian to Cenomanian assemblages in the northern shelf and the lithological traps of the Tyumen Formation and Vasyugan Formation of the Upper Jurassic assemblages in the southern land will be the two most important favorable exploration fields in the future.

原型盆地作为沉积盆地演化过程中某一地质时期的阶段表现，其对油气形成与分布的重要性不言而喻。基于威尔逊旋回原理研究发现，板块构造演化经过一个完整的周期，能够形成六大类17小类原型盆地。以全球五大成盆期（前寒武纪、早古生代、晚古生代、中生代及新生代）板块重建为基础，紧密结合古气候、岩相古地理等特征，恢复确定了1 056个原型盆地。前寒武纪残留下来的主要是位于现今各大陆块之上的裂谷等伸展型盆地；早古生代呈漂移状态为主的大小陆块主要形成被动大陆边缘和内克拉通盆地；晚古生代全球除了乌拉尔及阿特拉斯褶皱带发育前陆盆地外，其他地区仍以被动陆缘、内克拉通等伸展盆地为主；中生代潘吉亚超级大陆裂解，形成大量裂谷、被动大陆边缘盆地，西缘收缩形成科迪勒拉山弧后盆地；新生代新特提斯洋及美洲大陆弧后海关闭形成两大前陆盆地群，太平洋西海岸海沟岛弧边缘海盆体系范围明显扩大，印度洋及大西洋持续发育周缘被动大陆边缘盆地群。按原型盆地类型来看，被动大陆边缘盆地分布最广泛,其次是裂谷,弧前盆地最少。时代越新，原型盆地总数量越多，其中被动陆缘、前陆、弧后及弧前新生代最多,但裂谷盆地在中生代最广泛,内克拉通晚古生代最发育。

原型盆地作为沉积盆地演化过程中某一地质时期的阶段表现，其对油气形成与分布的重要性不言而喻。基于威尔逊旋回原理研究发现，板块构造演化经过一个完整的周期，能够形成六大类17小类原型盆地。以全球五大成盆期（前寒武纪、早古生代、晚古生代、中生代及新生代）板块重建为基础，紧密结合古气候、岩相古地理等特征，恢复确定了1 056个原型盆地。前寒武纪残留下来的主要是位于现今各大陆块之上的裂谷等伸展型盆地；早古生代呈漂移状态为主的大小陆块主要形成被动大陆边缘和内克拉通盆地；晚古生代全球除了乌拉尔及阿特拉斯褶皱带发育前陆盆地外，其他地区仍以被动陆缘、内克拉通等伸展盆地为主；中生代潘吉亚超级大陆裂解，形成大量裂谷、被动大陆边缘盆地，西缘收缩形成科迪勒拉山弧后盆地；新生代新特提斯洋及美洲大陆弧后海关闭形成两大前陆盆地群，太平洋西海岸海沟岛弧边缘海盆体系范围明显扩大，印度洋及大西洋持续发育周缘被动大陆边缘盆地群。按原型盆地类型来看，被动大陆边缘盆地分布最广泛,其次是裂谷,弧前盆地最少。时代越新，原型盆地总数量越多，其中被动陆缘、前陆、弧后及弧前新生代最多,但裂谷盆地在中生代最广泛,内克拉通晚古生代最发育。

在全球古板块重建基础上，对全球4 091个地质单元不同地质历史时期的大地构造特征和原型盆地性质进行厘定，并以468个重点盆地为关键标定，恢复了全球前寒武纪、寒武纪、奥陶纪、志留纪、泥盆纪、石炭纪、二叠纪、三叠纪、侏罗纪、早白垩世、晚白垩世、古近纪和新近纪13个地质时期的原型盆地类型及其古、今位置分布，探讨了全球原型盆地演化规律及其与烃源岩发育和油气富集的关系。全球原型盆地的形成与板块构造演化密切相关：①罗迪尼亚超大陆裂解、分离阶段，主要形成克拉通盆地和被动陆缘盆地；②冈瓦纳大陆漂移与潘基亚超大陆的形成控制古生代被动陆缘盆地、弧后盆地和前陆盆地的共同发育；③潘基亚超大陆的裂解主要控制了裂谷盆地和被动陆缘盆地的发育。全球烃源岩发育与大陆裂解、海平面上升和海侵广泛有关，主要发育于拉张环境下形成的被动陆缘盆地和裂谷盆地，以侏罗纪和白垩纪最为发育。针对多期叠加型盆地，通过分别恢复不同期次的盆地原型，预测其生-储-盖组合分布与油气富集有利区，对中国石油公司开展海外战略选区和油气勘探具有重要的指导意义。

Based on the reconstruction of global paleo-plate, this study determines the geotectonic characteristics of 4091 geological units in different geological historical periods and the nature of proto-type basins; using 468 key basins as the key calibrations, it restores the types and distribution of paleo and present locations of proto-type basins in 13 geological periods of the Precambrian, Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Early Cretaceous, Late Cretaceous, Paleogene and Neogene; further, it explores the evolution of global proto-type basins and its relationship with source rock development and hydrocarbon enrichment. The formation of global proto-type basins is closely related to the evolution of plate tectonics:(1) In the breakup and separation stages of the Rodinia, craton basins and passive marginal basins were mainly formed. (2) Gondwana continental drift and the formation of Pangea controlled the common development of Paleozoic passive continental margin basins, back-arc basins and foreland basins. (3) Pangea breakup primarily controlled the development of rift basins and passive continental margin basins. Global source rocks were mainly developed in passive continental margin basins and rift basins under extensional environments. The development of source rocks is related to continental breakup, sea level rise and extensive transgression, and reached the peak in the Jurassic and Cretaceous. For multi-stage superimposed basins, predicting the distribution of source-reservoir-caprock combination and the favorable areas for oil and gas enrichment by restoring basin proto-types in different stages respectively has important guiding significance for Chinese oil companies' overseas strategic area selection and oil-gas exploration.

从威尔逊旋回原理出发,通过解剖全球483个沉积盆地前寒武纪以来成盆演化历史,并基于拉张、挤压及剪切3种应力环境,探讨了原型盆地的类型划分、叠加演化及沉积充填模式,总结出板块构造演化在3个方面控制着原型盆地的叠加演化过程及含油气条件。研究认为：①全球85%以上的沉积盆地是由两类以上原型盆地叠加演化而成;②原型盆地的叠加演化过程以威尔逊旋回为周期且按着固定轨迹循环往复进行,在一个周期的每个阶段都能够形成特定的原型盆地;③每个原型盆地都能够形成独特的构造-沉积体系,从而决定其独有的生、储、盖等含油气条件,后期叠加的原型盆地不但能够改变早期原型盆地的油气成藏条件,而且可能形成新的含油气系统。将全球每个盆地最新一期板块构造运动所形成的原型盆地界定为现今的盆地类型,并划分出陆内生长裂谷、陆内夭折裂谷、陆间裂谷、被动大陆边缘、内克拉通、海沟、弧前、弧后裂谷、弧后坳陷、弧后小洋盆、周缘前陆、弧后前陆、走滑拉分和走滑挠曲共14类。该分类方案不仅能够确保每个沉积盆地类型的唯一性,便于推广应用,而且可以通过盆地类比,以科学预测现今各类沉积盆地的含油气远景。图6表1参64

—The paper considers the regularities in the structure and conditions of formation of Domanik carbonaceous carbonate-siliceous productive deposits. They are shown to occur in the stratigraphic interval from middle Frasnian to upper Famennian. The highly persistent structure of their sections for many kilometers within specific sedimentation zones and the drastic changes in the structure at the boundaries of the zones are justified. Lithological classification of rocks is considered. Methods and results of combined paleontological, lithological, geochemical, and petrophysical core studies are presented, as well as interpretation of well logging data and seismic-survey materials used in the assessment of oil resources and identification of oil- and gas-promising zones and areas. The conducted studies have proved significant oil resources in the Domanik productive sequence; their extraction might compensate for the decline in oil production from conventional pools.