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塔里木盆地富满油田超深断控储集体热液改造效应
常少英, 赵海涛, 张天付, 王彭, 陈方方, 叶婷玉, 曹鹏, 崔寒驰
海相油气地质 ›› 2025, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (6) : 550-562.
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塔里木盆地富满油田超深断控储集体热液改造效应
Hydrothermal alteration effects on ultra-deep fault-controlled reservoirs in the Fuman Oilfield, Tarim Basin
塔里木盆地富满油田超深断控碳酸盐岩因持续发现油气资源而备受关注，这类储集体并非单纯受控于断裂破碎作用，也与深部热液活动密切相关。基于地震资料解释，结合野外露头、岩心和薄片观察，地球化学和生产特征分析等手段，对塔里木盆地富满地区奥陶系超深断控储集体热液改造效应进行了深入研究。研究发现，富满油田奥陶系超深层存在热液对储层改造的3种效应：①溶蚀增储效应发生在开放-半开放环境中。一方面，热液流体在高温下会加速化学反应速率，促进矿物溶解；另一方面，热液流体会将溶蚀掉的物质带出储集体系统，形成较好的储集空间。②胶结-溶蚀协同控储效应发生在晚期构造应力较弱的封闭体系。断裂活动期次与流体演化耦合，导致储集体上部以胶结充填为主（封闭性增强），下部以溶蚀扩容为主（储集性改善），形成“上堵下储”的动态平衡结构。③胶结-脆变破裂效应。走滑断裂的树枝状内部结构，在成岩过程中因热液形成的胶结作用增强了岩石的脆性，后续受构造应力或流体压力失衡作用发生破裂，形成新的储层而增强了油藏的渗流能力。研究成果深化了热液流体与断裂协同控储的机理认识，揭示了超深断控储层强非均质性发育规律，进一步明确了该类储集体的勘探方向。
The fault-controlled carbonate rocks of the Fuman Oilfield in the Tarim Basin have attracted much attention due to the continuous discovery of ultra-deep oil and gas, and there is an urgent need to further clarify the role of hydrothermal fluids in modifying such reservoirs. Based on seismic data interpretation, combined with field outcrop observation, core and thin section analysis, geochemical analysis, and production characteristic analysis, an in-depth study is conducted on the hydrothermal alteration effects on the Ordovician ultra-deep fault-controlled reservoirs in the Fuman Oilfield of the Tarim Basin.The study find that there are three types of hydrothermal alteration effects on the ultra-deep Ordovician reservoirs in the Fuman Oilfield: ⑴The dissolution-storage enhancement effect, which develops in an open-semi-open environment. On the one hand, the high temperature of hydrothermal fluids accelerates the chemical reaction rate and promotes mineral dissolution; on the other hand, in the open-semi-open environment, hydrothermal fluids carry the dissolved substances out of the reservoir system, forming good reservoir spaces. (2) The cementation-dissolution synergistic reservoir-controlling effect, which occurs in a closed system with weak late tectonic stress. The coupling of fault activity stages and fluid evolution leads to the upper part being dominated by cementation and filling (enhanced sealing) and the lower part being dominated by dissolution and expansion (improved reservoir performance), forming a dynamic equilibrium structure of "upper blocking and lower storing". (3) The cementation-brittle transformation and fracturing effect, that is, during diagenesis, the cementation caused by hydrothermal fluids enhances the brittleness of the rocks, and subsequent fracturing occurs in the dendritic internal structure of strike-slip faults under the action of tectonic stress or fluid pressure imbalance, forming new reservoirs and enhancing the seepage capacity of the oil reservoir.This study on the alteration effects of ultra-deep hydrothermal fluids on reservoirs in the Fuman Oilfield of the Tarim Basin has deepened the understanding on the mechanism of synergistic reservoir control by hydrothermal fluids and faults, revealed the development law of strong heterogeneity in ultra-deep fault-controlled reservoirs, and further clarified the exploration direction of such reservoirs.
断控储集体 / 溶蚀增储效应 / 胶结-溶蚀协同控储效应 / 胶结-脆变破裂效应 / 富满油田 / 塔里木盆地
fault-controlled reservoirs / dissolution-storage enhancement effect / cementation-dissolution synergistic reservoir-controlling effect / cementation-brittle transformation and fracturing effect / Fuman Oilfield / Tarim Basin
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Searching for oil and gas in ultra-deep carbonate sequences in marine basins is becoming one of the major trends of future petroleum exploration in China. In recent years, major oil and gas discoveries have been made in the exploration of deep and ultra-deep sequences in petroliferous basins such as Tarim, Sichuan and Erdos. Based on analysis of the basic characteristics of the typical ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs in Tahe oilfield and the deep northern slope in Tazhong of Tarim Basin and Yuanba gas field of Sichuan Basin, it is concluded that hydrocarbon accumulation in ultra-deep marine carbonate is mainly controlled by 4 basic factors: (1) High quality source rocks. In low geothermal settings, source rocks of various biological combinations and lithologic types generated abundant hydrocarbons via multiple mechanisms such as kerogen, ancient oil reservoirs and dispersed dissoluble organic matter; (2) High quality reservoirs. The development and distribution of high quality reservoirs are jointly controlled by structure, sequence, lighology, fluid and their timing, among which faulting, dolomitization and thermal fluid activity are especially crucial to the formation of high quality ultra-deep reservoirs; (3) Multiple sealing mechanisms. Regional caprock, local caprock and direct caprock of various lithologies provide favorable conditions for the sealing and preservation of hydrocarbons; (4) Favorable hydrocarbon migration pathways. Effective combinations of unconformities, faults and carrier beds with various types of traps on paleo-highs and paleo-slopes determine the pattern and efficiency of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. Ultra-deep marine carbonates in China have huge oil and gas resource potential, predominantly gas potential. In Tarim Basin, the exploration domains of the ultra-deep carbonates mainly distribute in the Cambrian and Ordovician in the pitching ends, slope zones and sags outside the structural highs of large uplifts; in Sichuan Basin, they mainly occur in the lower marine sequence assemblage outside central Sichuan and in the upper marine sequence assemblages in foreland areas of western and northeastern Sichuan; in Erdos Basin, they mainly include the Ordovician of Tianhuan syncline and thrust front.
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