基于油气勘探发现和地质认识进展，从成盆、成烃、成储及成藏的内在地质过程出发，揭示沉积盆地超深层油气的形成与赋存规律并探讨超深层领域的关键科学问题。中国超深层主要经历中新元古代和早古生代2个伸展-聚敛旋回，构造-沉积分异产生空间上相邻的源-储组合；发育丘滩体型、岩溶缝洞型、断溶型、白云岩型和断裂带型等多种类型规模性碳酸盐岩储集体、超压型碎屑岩和基岩裂缝性储集体；油气多期复合成藏，晚期调整定位；油气分布受高能滩带、区域不整合面、古隆起与大型断裂带等的控制；赋存多种成因的天然气和轻质油。超深层油气资源占剩余总资源量的33%，为中国油气勘探的重要接替领域；超深层的大型成藏地质单元与规模富集区带将是持续取得油气大发现的重点方向，勘探前景广阔。超深层油气地质条件和富集区带预测为油气地质学研究的关键科学问题。

中国中西部盆地油气资源潜力巨大,是晚古生代一早中生代一新生代大型造山带环绕的小型克拉通盆地,盆地核心为构造相对稳定的小型克拉通,边缘环绕构造活跃的前陆冲断带。与北美、欧洲等大型含油气盆地相比,中国含油气盆地规模小、构造活动性强。盆地普遍经历：（1）寒武—志留纪,各自漂离于大洋中的小型克拉通盆地；（2）泥盆—二叠纪,亚欧板块南缘地体增生；（3）三叠—古近纪,特提斯洋关闭,陆相断（坳）陷盆地；（4）新近纪以来,再生前陆盆地等四个构造演化阶段。从下而上叠合了早古生代海相克拉通盆地、晚古生代海陆交互相克拉通盆地、早中生代陆相断（坳）陷盆地和新生代再生前陆盆地四个构造层序。古生界克拉通盆地构造相对稳定,古生代发育多期不整合界面和大型古隆起；中新生代前陆盆地叠置复合在其边缘,发育成排成带的构造。中国含油气盆地的叠合-复合性质决定了其叠合-复合含油气系统的特征：具有多油气系统、多源多阶段生烃、多期成藏、多层系含油气。中国中西部盆地的油气勘探主要包括古生界小型克拉通层序和中新生代前陆层序两大领域,其中早古生代克拉通层序以古隆起及其斜坡、晚古生代克拉通层序以大面积岩性储集体、中新生代前陆盆地以大型冲断带控制着油气的成藏与富集。

There are rich hydrocarbon resources in the basins located in western and central China. They are many micro-craton basins surrounded by large orogenic belts of Hercynian-Indosinian and Himalayan, which are characteriied by small structurally stable in the kernel craton and structurally active in margin foreland thrust belts. Compared with large petroliferous basins in North America and Europe continent etc. the petroliferous basins in China are small in scale and strncturlly more active. These basins commonly underwent four tectonic evolution stages：①Micro-craton plates floating in the ocean separately during Cambrian to Silurian; ②Terrane accreting along south flank of the Eurasian plate during Devonian to Permian; ③Tethys ocean closing and continental depression （or rift ） basins during Triassic to Paleogene; ④Rejuvenation foreland basins since Neogene. Accordingly there formed and superposed four structural sequences, the lower Paleozoic marine craton basins, the upper Paleozoic paralic craton basins, intra-continental depression （or rift ） basins and rejuvenation foreland basins. Tectonic movements of Paleozoic craton basins are relatively stable; while multiphase unconformable contacts and large palaeohighs developed during Paleozoic ; and forland basins compositing and superimposing on their margin and formed structures distributing in rows and zones during Mesozoic-Cenozoic. The superimposedcomposite petroleum system, determined by the nature of composition-superimposition of petroliferous basins in China, comprises multiple petroleum systems and several source layers, experienced multiple stages of hydrocarbon generation and multiple periods of hydrocarbon accumulation, consequently there are multi-layers bearing oil and gas. There are two major fields in petroleum exploration in central and western China basins： the Paleozoic microcraton sequence and the Mesozoic-Cenozoic foreland sequence. The factors controlling the hydrocarbon accumulation and enrichment include palaeohighs and slopes in the lower Paleozoic craton sequence, large-area lithological reservoirs in the upper Paleozoic craton sequence and large scale thrust belts in the Mesozoic-Cenozoic foreland basins.

构造-沉积分异是地球表层的常见地质现象,发生于沉积盆地、造山带与克拉通等岩石圈构造单元,表现为岩石圈的深、中、浅层始终发生着沉积物、流体、能量与力的交换与分异过程。文中从物质组成、时空分布与力学机制等方面阐述构造-沉积分异的基本特征,并以中国沉积盆地为例进行分析。作者首先将构造-沉积分异定义为“由构造应力、热力、重力、地幔动力等因素引起地表地形差异,从而导致沉积物源、搬运体系与沉积作用变化的过程”;认为构造-沉积分异发生在不同尺度的洋-陆系统、盆-山系统、隆-坳系统、凸-凹系统与高-低地貌系统,受基底结构、强度与活动性的明显控制,构造应力、重力、热力、地幔动力等控制了该分异机制; 强调随时间演变出现构造-沉积分异演化旋回,表现为伸展期裂陷向聚敛期隆坳转变,碳酸盐岩分异台地向统一台地转变。上述控制因素与机制在时空上可以发生复合,导致多类构造-沉积分异作用出现。研究构造-沉积分异作用,可以为重建地球历史、加快矿产资源勘查和改善人类宜居环境做出贡献。

The tectonic-depositional differentiation is a common phenomenon on the Earth surface. It takes place in the lithospheric components such as sedimentary basins,orogenic belts,and cratons. Sediments,fluids,energy,and forces are always changing and differentiating with each other on shallow,intermediate,and deep layers of the lithosphere. From a view of the material composition,spatio-temporal distribution,and mechanic processes,the paper discusses basic features of the tectonic-depositional differentiation in detail,taking the Chinese sedimentary basins as an example. It is defined as geomorphic differences on the Earth surface,which result from tectonic,thermal,gravitational processes,and mantle dynamics,which give rise to the variations in source,routing system,and deposition and fill. It takes place on variable scales that ranges from ocean-continent,basin-orogenic belt,uplift-sag,high-depression systems,to high-and-low relief geomorphic systems. The basement framework,strength,and moving style have marked controls upon the different scale of differentiation. The tectonic stress,gravitation,thermal stress,and mantle dynamics control the differential mechanisms. It exhibits the differentiation cycle with the geological evolution,transforming from rifts and depressions during the extension period into uplifts and sags during the compression period,especially for carbonate platforms changing from the rifted differential platform to the compressive unified platform. All these factors and mechanisms can be interlinked and play roles altogether in the geological spatio-temporal framework,giving multi-varied tectonic-depositional processes. It is a key basis to reconstruct the earth history,to boost the exploration of the ore deposits and resources,and to improve the habitable environments for humankind.

基于最新钻井与地震资料，对鄂尔多斯盆地乌审旗古隆起的分布进行刻画，同时采用Bischke曲线、平衡剖面方法分析其形成演化。结果表明，乌审旗古隆起为加里东早期形成的挤压型古隆起，平面呈南北向展布的椭圆状，长轴约194 km，短轴近东西向，长55~94 km，核部寒武系被剥蚀的厚度与面积分别为170~196 m和11 298 km²；利用年代地层格架剖面分析古隆起主体形成时间为怀远运动时期；中—晚寒武世为乌审旗隆起雏形期，晚寒武世末期隆起显著发育后被剥蚀，至奥陶纪马家沟组马三段沉积期隆起发生继承性活动，隆起面积减小，马四段沉积期—石炭系沉积前古隆起区地层发生非均一性抬升并遭受剥蚀，石炭纪及其之后进入埋藏保存的稳定期。乌审旗古隆起是在基底与构造薄弱带之上形成的，并受南部、北部的非共轴挤压以及盆内隆起传递的应力影响，发育成形态不规则的挤压型古隆起，该古隆起对沉积储集层和油气聚集具有一定控制作用。

基于最新钻井、地震和野外露头资料，对四川盆地德阳—安岳裂陷槽南段的地层发育与沉积充填演化等地质特征进行深入研究。结果表明：①四川盆地晚震旦世—早寒武世裂陷南段地层发育较全，灯一+灯二段厚度较稳定，为400~550 m;灯三+灯四段槽缘与槽内厚度差异较大，厚度差最大可达250 m;川南寒武系麦地坪组和筇竹寺组厚度相对较薄，且地层厚度变化较大，厚薄变化频繁。②灯四段沉积期德阳—安岳裂陷槽向南延伸，影响至川南地区。与裂陷槽中段和北段相比，南段总体具有宽、缓、浅的特征，且存在多个台阶，隆凹相间，呈指状展布。③川南地区灯一—灯二段沉积期以碳酸盐台地为主，沉积分异不明显;而灯四段沉积期存在较明显沉积分异，由槽内向槽缘发育盆地—斜坡—次级斜坡—斜坡—次级斜坡—台地边缘—局限台地。④川南地区裂陷槽的演化经历了灯一—灯二段沉积稳定期、灯三—灯四段开启期、麦地坪组—筇竹寺组充填期以及沧浪铺组消亡期等4个关键阶段。

综合航磁、地震、地质和地球化学资料，研究了塔里木新元古代裂谷盆地南北分异的表层构造、沉积、分布特征及深层动力学机制，揭示了裂谷盆地演化及其对寒武纪早期沉积盆地和深层烃源岩分布的控制作用。塔里木南部裂谷盆地是罗迪尼亚超大陆裂解早期超级地幔柱活动的产物，开启于南华纪早期（约780 Ma），表现为深入塔里木盆地内部的NE向坳拉槽，而北部裂谷是泛罗迪尼亚大洋板块俯冲产生的弧后裂谷盆地，开启于南华纪后期（约740 Ma），呈近EW向狭长带状横穿整个塔里木盆地。塔里木北部新元古代弧后裂谷盆地与东亚地区晚中生代—新生代弧后裂谷盆地群的形成和演化过程十分相似，均显示向洋迁移的演化特征，但塔里木裂谷盆地从早期的断陷-拗陷最终演化成被动陆缘。塔里木新元古代裂谷盆地不仅决定同裂谷期烃源岩的分布，更控制早寒武世沉积盆地的发育，使得后者"向前相似"，在现今塔北隆起与中央隆起带之间很可能发育近EW向展布的南华系—震旦系同裂谷期和下寒武统玉尔吐斯组沉积期后裂谷期烃源岩。

Comprehensively based on the aeromagnetic, seismic, geological and geochemical data, this paper studies the surficial structures, deposition, distribution characteristics and the deep-seated dynamical mechanism for the north-south differentiation of Neoproterozoic rift basin of Tarim Basin, and reveals the evolutionary characteristics of the rift basin and its controlling effect on the distribution of the early Cambrian sedimentary basin and the deep hydrocarbon source rocks. The southern rift basin of Tarim is the product of superplume activity occurred in the early break-up period of Rodinia Supercontinent, starting from the early Nanhua period (about 780 Ma)and shown as the NE-trending aulacogens that extended deeply inside of Tarim basin. The northern rift belongs to the back-arc rift basin derived from the subduction of Pan-Rodinia oceanic slab, starting from the late Nanhua period (about 740 Ma)and shown as the nearly EW-trending narrow band zone traversing the whole Tarim basin. The formation and evolution process of the Neoproterozoic back-arc rift basin, northern Tarim is quite similar to that of the late Mesozoic-Cenozoic back-arc rift basins in East Asia, both showing the evolutionary characteristics of oceanward migration. Nevertheless, the Tarim rift basin was finally evolved from the early fault depression-sag into the passive continental margin. The Neoproterozoic rift basin of Tarim controlled not only the distribution of syn-rifting hydrocarbon source rocks, but also the development of early Cambrian sedimentary basin, which made the latter similar to the rift basin. Thus, hydrocarbon source rocks in the nearly EW-trending Nanhua-Sinian syn-rift period and the post-rifting period of Lower Cambrian Yuertusi Formation are likely developed between the north Tarim uplift and the central uplift belt.

针对塔里木盆地轮南—古城地区寒武系台缘带规模储-盖组合的类型及时空分布不清的问题,利用最新采集/拼接处理的轮南—富满地区的三维地震数据体、30余条二维地震格架测线、9口钻井的岩屑薄片和碳/氧稳定同位素曲线等资料,建立了台地内部—台地边缘—盆地的年代地层格架,开展了以层序或体系域为单元的沉积相研究,落实了规模储-盖组合和烃源岩分布特征,评价了有利勘探区带。研究结果表明:①寒武系台缘带可识别出4个二级层序和11个三级层序,横向上,层序结构差异明显,轮南地区结构完整,具典型侧向叠置的特征,而古城地区部分缺失纽芬兰统—第二统(SQ1—SQ3)层序且垂向加积"堆垛"特点突出;②时间上,轮南—古城地区依次经历了富泥质缓坡、低角度前积缓坡—弱镶边台地、垂向加积蒸发潟湖占主导镶边台地和侧向加积平顶镶边台地4个演化阶段,塔南古陆和古海平面等控制了空间差异;③轮南—古城地区发育9套台缘丘滩带(SQ3—SQ11)、3套膏盐岩(SQ5—SQ7)以及陆棚相和斜坡相两类烃源岩(SQ1、SQ6、SQ8—SQ11);④评价出膏下台缘丘滩带、泥下残余丘滩带、致密碳酸盐岩下丘滩带和泥间斜坡重力流4类有效储-盖组合,构建了5类成藏模式,膏下台缘丘滩带和泥下残余丘滩带是近期实现勘探突破并实施万米深地钻探的最佳储-盖组合,泥间斜坡重力流也是一种值得探索的新类型储-盖组合。

In response to the unclear types and temporal-spatial distribution of the large-scale reservoir-cap assemblages of Cambrian platform margin in Lunnan-Gucheng area of Tarim Basin, based on the latest collected/merged three-dimensional seismic data, more than 30 two-dimensional seismic survey lines, thin sections of rock debris from 9 drilling wells, and C/O stable isotope curves from the Lunnan-Fuman area, the paper establishes a chronostratigraphic framework from platform interior to platform margin to basin, carries out the research of sedimentary facies using the sequence or system tract as a unit, makes clear large-scale reservoir-cap assemblages and source rock distribution, and evaluates favorable exploration zones. The research results show as follows. (1)Four second-order sequences and 11 third-order sequences are identified in Cambrian platform margin. Horizontally, there are significant differences in sequence architecture. The Lunnan area features a complete structure with typical lateral stacking, while Gucheng area partially lacks sequences from Terreneuvian to Epoch2 (SQ1-SQ3)and has the prominent characteristic of vertical accretion and stacking. (2)Lunnan-Gucheng area experienced four evolution stages in succession, i.e., mud-rich ramp, low-angle progradation ramp to weak-rimmed platform, rimmed platform dominated by vertical accretion evaporation lagoon, and lateral accretion flat-topped rimmed platform, and the spatial differentiation was controlled by Tanan oldland and ancient sea level. (3)Nine sets of platform margin mound-shoal belts (SQ3-SQ11), 3 sets of gypsum salt rock belts (SQ5-SQ7), and 6 sets of source rocks (SQ1, SQ6, SQ8-SQ11)have been developed in Lunnan-Gucheng area. (4)Four types of effective reservoir-cap assemblages, i.e., the platform margin mound-shoal belt covered with gypsum, the residue mound-shoal belt covered with soil, the mound-shoal belt covered with compact carbonate rocks, and the slope gravity flow, were evaluated and five types of hydrocarbon accumulation models were established. The platform margin mound-shoal belt covered with gypsum and the residue mound-shoal belt covered with soil are the best reservoir-cap assemblage, where recent breakthroughs have been made and the depth of drilling can reach 10000 m. The gravity flow on mud slopes is also a new type of reservoir-cap assemblage worthy of exploring.

深入认识盆地的地质结构与构造演化,探讨盆地的油气分布规律,将为揭示中国大陆属性、资源能源分布、环境变化及油气勘探新领域奠立重要基础。本文立足于油气勘探的新资料,应用活动论构造历史观与比较大地构造学方法,分析了中国叠合沉积盆地的构造演化、构造分区、地质结构与油气成藏模式,探索油气分布规律。研究表明,中国叠合沉积盆地经历了中新元古代、寒武纪—泥盆纪(或中泥盆世)、(晚泥盆世—)石炭纪—三叠纪与侏罗纪—第四纪4个构造旋回的演化;据东西向两条构造锋线和南北(或北北东)向的两条改造锋线及西太平洋弧后盆地带,可将中国划分为北疆、内蒙古、松辽、塔里木—阿拉善、鄂尔多斯、渤海湾、青藏、四川、华南与海域等10个沉积盆地区;发育有前陆/克拉通、前陆/坳陷、坳陷/断陷、断陷/坳陷、反转断陷、被动陆缘、走滑叠合和改造残留等8种叠合盆地结构类型;发育安岳裂陷槽型、塔北型、苏里格复合三角洲型、玛湖凹陷型、陆梁隆起型、库车冲断带型、大庆长垣型、古潜山型、中央峡谷水道型、柴东生物气型、四川源内型与沁水向斜煤层气型等12种典型油气成模式;盆地内凹陷/断陷的油气分布具有空间有序性,叠合界面油气富集具优势性,油气叠合分布有强的非均一性,中西部前陆/克拉通叠合型盆地的油、气分区分布,海域被动陆缘/断陷叠合型盆地的油、气分带分布。中国多旋回叠合盆地具有独特的“三环带状”油气分布格局。

Understanding basin's geological structure and tectonic evolution and exploring its oil and gas distribution pattern is key to revealing the geological features of China, and the energy resources distributions, environmental changes, and potential hydrocarbon exploration targets in China. Based on the new data of recent petroleum exploration and using the methodology of comparative geo-tectonics, this paper studies the superimposed sedimentary basins in China from the view point of mobile geo-tectonic history, focusing specifically on the basin's tectonic evolution, tectonic subdivision, geologic framework, and pool-formation models, and explores the basin's oil and gas distribution patterns. According to our analysis, the superimposed sedimentary basins in China evolve through four tectonic cycles during the Meso- to Neo-Proterozoic, Cambrian-Devonian (or Middle Devonian), (Late Devonian-) Carboniferous-Triassic, and Jurassic-Quaternary Periods. The sedimentary basins in China can be subdivided into ten sedimentary basin areas: northern Xinjiang, inner Mongolian, Songliao, Tarim-Alax, Ordos, Bohai Bay, Qinghai-Tibet, Sichuan, southern China, and oceanic area. They can be further characterized by eight structural styles as foreland/cratonic-basin, foreland/sag, sag/faulted-depression, faulted-depression/sag, inverted faulted-depression, passive margin, or strike-slip superimposed basins, or as modified residual basins. Twelve types of hydrocarbon pool-formation are developed, which are represented by the Anyue rift trough, northern Tarim, Sulig composite delta, Mahu sag, Luliang uplift, Kuqa thrust belt, Daqing anticline, paleo-buried hill, central canyon channel, eastern Qaidam biogas, Sichuan intra-source rock, and Qinshui syncline coalbed gas. Within a sag/faulted-depression superimposed basin, oil and gas distributions are typically ordered spatially, with the interface area most favorable for hydrocarbon accumulation. However, oil and gas distribution patterns are highly heterogeneous across different structural styles. For example, in the foreland/cratonic-basin superimposed basins of central and western China, oil and gas distribute separately in isolation, whilst in the passive-margin/faulted-depression superimposed basins of the oceanic area, oil and gas zones distribute respectively along the inner and outer sedimentary belts. The multi-cycle superimposed basins in China generally have a distinctive ‘three ring-like’ oil and gas distribution pattern within each basin area.

塔里木克拉通南华纪—寒武纪的隆坳格局控制着寒武系盐下生储盖的时空分布，对塔里木盆地新元古界—寒武系油气勘探选区有着重要的影响。通过野外地质露头、新的三维地震资料和钻孔，综合研究塔里木克拉通南华纪—寒武纪的构造古地理演化。研究结果认为，南华纪，在罗迪尼亚超大陆裂解的拉张背景下，形成主动裂陷与被动隆起，表现为“两隆四坳”构造背景，分别为中央隆起、库车—塔北隆起、满加尔坳陷、麦盖提坳陷、阿瓦提坳陷与和田坳陷。震旦纪，经历库鲁克塔格运动后的挤压—拉张构造背景，塔南隆起强烈隆升，塔西地台形成，南华纪的阿瓦提坳陷与麦盖提坳陷转变为台内凹陷；构造古地理可划分为塔南隆起、塔西地台、满加尔坳陷与和田坳陷，塔西地台可分为塔北凸起、柯坪—古城凸起、阿满古梁、满西古梁、阿瓦提凹陷、满西凹陷、麦盖提凹陷与乌什凹陷。寒武纪，在柯坪运动后转为拉张环境，构造古地理可划分为塔南隆起、温宿—牙哈隆起、塔西地台、罗西地台、和田坳陷、满加尔坳陷与乌什斜坡7 个一级构造单元，塔西地台内部根据古地形凹凸特点进一步划分为柯坪—古城凸起、阿满古梁、满西古梁、轮南—古城台缘、麦盖提凹陷、阿瓦提凹陷与满西凹陷7 个二级构造单元。

The uplift-depression framework of Tarim Craton in Nanhua-Cambrian controlled the temporal and spatial distribution of source rock, reservoir and cap rock assemblages of the subsalt Cambrian, which had an important influence on the selection of favorable exploration zones of the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian. The tectonic paleogeographic evolution of Tarim Craton in Nanhua-Cambrian is comprehensively studied by using field outcrops, new acquired 3D seismic and wells data. Results show that in Nanhua period, active rifts and passive uplifts were formed in extensional setting caused by the breakup of Rodinia supercontinent, with a structural pattern of “two uplifts and four depressions”, including the Central Uplift, Kuqa-Tabei Uplift, Manjiar Depression, Maigaiti Depression, Awati Depression, and Hotan Depression. In Sinian period, affected by the compressional-extensional tectonic settings after the Kuruktag movement, the southern Tarim Uplift was strongly uplifted, the western Tarim Platform was developed, and the Awati Depression and Maigaiti Depression changed into the intra platform sags; The tectonic paleogeography was divided into four units, i.e., southern Tarim Uplift, western Tarim Platform, Manjiar Depression and Hotan Depression. Furthermore, the western Tarim Platform was subdivided into Tabei Bulge, Keping-Gucheng Bulge,Aman Paleo Ridge, Manxi Paleo Ridge, Awati Sag, Manxi Sag, Maigaiti Sag and Wushi Sag. In the Cambrian, controlled by the extensional setting after the Keping movement, the tectonic paleogeography was divided into seven first-order structural units, namely the southern Tarim The uplift-depression framework of Tarim Craton in Nanhua-Cambrian controlled the temporal and spatial distribution of source rock, reservoir and cap rock assemblages of the subsalt Cambrian, which had an important influence on the selection of favorable exploration zones of the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian. The tectonic paleogeographic evolution of Tarim Craton in Nanhua-Cambrian is comprehensively studied by using field outcrops, new acquired 3D seismic and wells data. Results show that in Nanhua period, active rifts and passive uplifts were formed in extensional setting caused by the breakup of Rodinia supercontinent, with a structural pattern of “two uplifts and four depressions”, including the Central Uplift, Kuqa-Tabei Uplift, Manjiar Depression, Maigaiti Depression, Awati Depression, and Hotan Depression. In Sinian period, affected by the compressional-extensional tectonic settings after the Kuruktag movement, the southern TarimUplift was strongly uplifted, the western Tarim Platform was developed, and the Awati Depression and Maigaiti Depression changed into the intra platform sags; The tectonic paleogeography was divided into four units, i.e., southern Tarim Uplift, western Tarim Platform, Manjiar Depression and Hotan Depression. Furthermore, the western Tarim Platform was subdivided into Tabei Bulge, Keping-Gucheng Bulge, Aman Paleo Ridge, Manxi Paleo Ridge, Awati Sag, Manxi Sag, Maigaiti Sag and Wushi Sag. In the Cambrian, controlled by the extensionalsetting after the Keping movement, the tectonic paleogeography was divided into seven first-order structural units, namely the southern Tarim

针对塔里木盆地寒武系盐下领域（上震旦统—中寒武统）源储分布不清的问题,利用最新采集/拼接处理的50余条地震大测线、三维地震数据体、22口钻井与周缘剖面等资料,开展以组为单元的构造-岩相古地理研究,落实规模性源储分布,评价有利勘探区带。结果表明：①该盆地经历了缓坡→深水富泥质缓坡→缓坡→弱镶边-强镶边台地演化序列,台内分异受前寒武系古裂陷控制;②罗南—玉北古裂陷控制下寒武统玉尔吐斯组烃源岩分布,与北部坳陷共同构成主力烃源岩区;③发育上震旦统奇格布拉克组、下寒武统肖尔布拉克组和吾松格尔组3套规模性储集层,古丘滩、早期白云石化及多级不整合控制储集层的发育;④评价出塔中北斜坡、麦盖提上斜坡、柯坪—温宿周缘及塔北南斜坡等4个有利区带,塔中北斜坡为勘探突破最现实领域,塔北南斜坡是探索上震旦统大型风化壳白云岩的最佳领域,麦盖提斜坡及柯坪—温宿周缘勘探潜力得到明显提升,值得加快探索。图8表1参28

2020 年1 月，位于塔北隆起轮南低凸起的轮探1 井在8200m 之下的下寒武统白云岩中获得轻质原油， 塔里木古老克拉通超深层油气勘探获得重大突破。通过对轮探1 井发现情况描述与超深层寒武系盐下油藏发现历程分 析，旨在为其他类似地区新区、新层系、新类型的勘探提供借鉴与参考。轮探1 井钻揭寒武系玉尔吐斯组一套优质烃 源岩，以及阿瓦塔格组蒸发膏岩/ 沙依里克组—吾松格尔组白云岩储层与玉尔吐斯组泥岩/ 震旦系奇格布拉克组白 云岩风化壳储层两套储盖组合。轮探1 井产层为吾松格尔组，为正常温压系统的挥发性油藏；震旦系奇格布拉克组风 化壳获得微量天然气。塔里木盆地台盆区勘探经历了从碎屑岩到碳酸盐岩、从碳酸盐岩到盐下白云岩的两次战略转移; 轮探1 井是第二次战略转移的重要标志，具有里程碑意义。轮探1 井成藏有利条件在于具有继承性稳定古隆起与优质 的生储盖组合；通过类比，分析了塔里木盆地寒武系盐下白云岩勘探前景，指出塔中—古城、塔北南斜坡、麦盖提斜 坡北—柯坪等有利区为下步勘探重点区带。

In January 2020, light crude oil was obtained from Lower Cambrian dolomite with burial depth deeper than 8200 m in Well Luntan-1, which is located in the Lunnan low bulge in the Tabei uplift. The result indicated a major breakthrough in ultradeep oil and gas exploration in the old craton of Tarim. This paper describes the process of discovering Well Luntan-1 and analyzes the discovery history of the ultra-deep Cambrian subsalt oil reservoirs, with the intention of providing reference for the exploration of new zones, new strata and new types in other similar areas. According to drilling results from Well Luntan-1, a set of high-quality source rocks is developed in the Cambrian Yuertusi Formation, and there are 2 sets of reservoir-cap assemblage. One is evaporite gypsum cap rocks in the Awatage Formation and dolomite reservoir in the Shayilike – Wusonggeer Formations. The other is mudstone cap rocks in the Yuertusi Formation and dolomite weathering crust reservoir in the Sinian Qigebulake Formation. The production layer in Well Luntan-1 is the Wusonggeer Formation, which is a volatile-oil reservoir with normal temperature and pressure gradients. In addition, trace natural gas was obtained from the weathering crust of the Sinian Qigebulake Formation. Exploration of the platform-basin transitional area in the Tarim Basin has experienced 2 strategic shifts: from clastic rocks to carbonate rocks, and from carbonate rocks to pre-salt dolomite. Well Luntan-1 is an important symbol of the second strategic shift, which is of milestone significance. The favorable accumulation conditions of Well Luntan-1 are the successive development of stable paleo- uplift and the high-quality source-reservoir-cap assemblages. Through analogy, this paper analyzes the exploration prospects for the Cambrian pre-salt dolomite in the Tarim Basin, and points out that favorable areas, such as the Tazhong-Gucheng area, the south slope of the Tabei area, and the northern Maigaiti slope-Keping area, are the key areas for the next steps in exploration.

在钻井层位标定的基础上，系统解释塔里木盆地西南部（简称塔西南）典型地震剖面，建立区域性的地质格架剖面，进而恢复各构造时期的剥蚀厚度，并编制寒武系盐下白云岩各时期古构造平面形态图，以分析早古生代晚期古隆起的空间展布、形成演化以及迁移规律。研究表明：早古生代晚期，塔里木盆地存在1个广布塔西南地区、统一的区域性古隆起，称之为塔里木西南部古隆起。前人所提出的“塔西南古隆起”和“和田古隆起”不是两个独立的古隆起，而是本次所识别出古隆起的时空迁移演化的结果。该古隆起始于中奥陶世末；晚奥陶世古隆起初具规模、幅度增大；志留纪时期古隆起稳定隆升，隆起范围快速向东部扩大，皮山—和田等区域成为古隆起的一部分，其构造高部位迁移到皮山—和田地区；泥盆纪古隆起开始逐渐缩小，范围仅限于塔里木盆地南部的皮山—和田一带；石炭纪古隆起成为水下隆起，古隆起逐渐消亡。塔里木盆地西南部古隆起属于早古生代晚期塔西南前陆盆地的前缘隆起，其形成演化与塔里木盆地南部西昆仑早古生代造山作用有关。塔里木盆地西南部古隆起从塔西南的西北部迁移到南部的皮山—和田一带，表明西昆仑早古生代造山作用从中奥陶世末开始于西段，呈“剪刀式”自西向东发展。古隆起的迁移演化控制了塔西南地区中奥陶世末、晚奥陶世末和中泥盆世末3期不整合的发育和不整合之下风化壳溶蚀缝洞储集层的空间分布，而古隆起构造高部位的迁移对风化壳溶蚀缝洞储集层的发育也具有重要的控制作用。

盆地原型研究有助于恢复盆地构造-岩相古地理和揭示盆山耦合,对油气勘探具有重要的指导意义。文中利用最新的钻井、地震及露头资料,以沉积相为研究实体,运用盆-山结合的思路,由点→线→面进行分析,重建了塔里木盆地中奥陶世一间房组沉积时期的构造-沉积环境,研究了原型盆地特征及性质。一间房组沉积时期,巴楚—塔中和塘南台内隆起为暴露剥蚀区;顺南—塘古巴斯—玉东台内洼地区发育低能的泥晶灰岩相;塔北和古城台地区发育大面积的台内颗粒滩相;柯坪台盆区发育深水瘤状灰岩—黑色页岩相;塔东深水盆地区经历了黑色页岩相→陆源碎屑浊积岩相的演变;库鲁克塔格—罗西台地区为继承发育的开阔台地相。该时期塔里木盆地构造-沉积格局具有由早奥陶世东西分异的台盆格局向晚奥陶世南北分异的隆坳格局过渡的特征,表现为塔西台地古地貌的分异和塔东深水盆地沉积性质的反转。该时期塔里木盆地整体具有克拉通内拗陷与边缘拗陷复合的性质,但在塔西克拉通内坳陷的南部叠加了前陆盆地的性质(塘南前隆和顺南—塘古巴斯—玉东后隆坳陷),在其西北部叠加了裂陷盆地的性质(柯坪克拉通边缘裂陷)。该时期塔里木盆地构造-沉积环境与原型盆地特征是其对周缘大地构造运动的响应。

Proto-type basin analysis is of great use to uncover the tectonics-lithofacies palaeogeography and restore the basin-mountain coupling process and is of great significance for the guiding of petroleum exploration. Based on the newest data of drillings,seismic profiles and outcrops,with the analysis of sedimentary facies and the combination of basins and orogenic belts,this paper reconstructed tectonic-depositional environment during the depositional period of Middle Ordovician Yijianfang Formation in Tarim Basin and analyzed the features and properties of the basin,by employing the method of “point → line → planar”. During the depositional period of Yijianfang Formation,the Bachu-Tazhong and Tangnan intra-platform uplifts were the denuded zones;low-energy micrite facies were developed in the Shunnan-Tanggubasi-Yudong intra-platform sag;carbonate shoals facies were widely distributed in the Tabei and Gucheng platforms;deep-water nodular limestone and black shale facies were developed in the Kalpin intra-platform basin;the Tadong deep water basin transformed from black shale facies to terrigenous clastic turbidite facies and open platform facies were developed in Kuruktag-Luoxi area. The tectonic-depositional pattern of the Tarim Basin had the interim transition feature from the platform-basin pattern of the Early Ordovician to the uplift-depression pattern of the Late Ordovician,behaving as the palaeogeography differentiation of the Taxi platform and the reversal of the sedimentary properties of the Tadong deep water basin. We suggested that the Tarim Basin had a composite property of intracratonic and craton-margin depressions during the depositional period of Yijianfang Formation,yet overlapped by the foreland basin(Tangnan forbulge and Shunnan-Tanggubasi-Yudong back-bulge)at the southern part of the Taxi intracratonic depression and the extension basin(Kalpin craton-margin extension basin)at the northwestern part of the Taxi intracratonic depression. The tectonic-depositional environment and proto-type basin during the depositional period of Middle Ordovician Yijianfang Formation in Tarim Basin was a response to peripheral tectonic movements.

利用野外地质、钻井和地震资料,结合构造和沉积作用分析,恢复塔里木北部早寒武世原型盆地的结构与古地理,探讨寒武系盐下源-储分布、空间配置的控制因素及有利勘探方向。塔里木北部震旦纪末期的构造变动在不同地区表现为不同的方式,并控制了早寒武世盆地的沉积格局。位于塔北隆起南斜坡和塔中隆起北斜坡的南华纪裂陷在早寒武世发生同沉积断裂活动,形成两个北东东—东西向延伸的沉降和沉积中心,玉尔吐斯组最大预测厚度可达250 m;至肖尔布拉克组沉积期,同沉积断裂上升盘形成镶边型台地。而塔东和满西地区的南华纪裂陷在震旦纪末期遭受抬升和破坏,在早寒武世主要以斜坡形式向沉降中心过渡,前者具有混积型台地的沉积特征,后者具有缓坡型台地的沉积特征。早寒武世同沉积断裂下降盘的玉尔吐斯组黑色页岩与上升盘的肖尔布拉克组台缘礁滩体构成可预测的源-储配置模式,断裂活动强度控制了黑色页岩的厚度和台缘礁滩体的规模。下一步勘探应部署高精度地震,以精确落实同沉积断裂位置,并沿着断裂向西搜索礁滩体,在埋藏较浅的圈闭位置实施风险钻探。图11表1参59

塔里木盆地上震旦统奇格布拉克组白云岩埋藏较深、较少被钻井揭露，研究程度和勘探程度较低。通过在塔里木盆地柯坪地区震旦系露头剖面开展密集取样（1.28个/m），对奇格布拉克组白云岩的岩性、物性和储层成因机理开展了系统研究。明确了奇格布拉克组含5种主要的储集岩类：亮晶藻凝块白云岩、岩溶角砾白云岩、残余颗粒白云岩、细晶白云岩和灰质（含灰质）白云岩。落实了储层的纵、横向展布规律，其垂向上主要发育3个储层段，总厚度为65.7~95.9 m，孔隙度为5.1%~5.3%，储地比为0.42~0.53。奇格布拉克组的顶部储层段在区域上展布较为稳定，中部-底部储层段在柯坪-塔北地区分布不连续。沉积相、风化壳岩溶作用及热液溶蚀作用是优质储层形成的主控因素，裂缝对改善储层物性起建设性作用。震旦系白云岩与上覆玉尔吐斯组黑色泥页岩构成优质的源-储-盖组合，是超深层勘探潜在的新领域，而塔北地区是该领域的现实勘探区带。

The dolomite of Upper Sinian Qigebulake Formation in Tarim Basin is deeply buried and rarely exposed by drilling, and is less explored and studied. Through dense sampling (1.28 sample/m) on the Sinian outcrop profile in Keping area, Tarim Basin, the lithology, physical property and genetic mechanism of dolomite in Qigebulake Formation are systematically investigated. It is clarified that Qigebulake Formation has five major reservoir types, i.e., sparry-spongiostromata dolomite, karst-breccia domomite, residual-grain dolomite, fine crystalline dolomite and calcite dolomite. The vertical and lateral distribution regularity of reservoirs is confirmed as below: three reservoirs are mainly developed vertically with the total thickness of 65.7~95.9 m, the porosity of 5.1 % ~5.3 % and the reservoir-layer thickness ratio of 0.42~0.53. The distribution of top reservoirs in the Qigebulake Formation is relatively stable, while the mid-bottom reservoirs are distributed discontinuously from Keping to Tabei area. Sedimentary facies, weathering-crust karstification and hydrothermal dissolution are the main controlling factors for forming high-quality reservoirs. Fractures play a constructive role in the improvement of physical properties. The high-quality source-reservoir-cap assemblage consists of Sinian dolomite and the overlapping black shale in Yuertusi Formation, which is a new ultra-deep exploration field, and Tabei area is a realistic exploration area in this field.

随着勘探不断向深层发展，震旦系白云岩因具备良好的生储盖组合条件而逐渐成为近源寻找原生油气藏的重要勘探领域。塔里木盆地塔东隆起带震旦系白云岩埋藏浅，6 000 m以内可勘探面积达1.5×10¹⁰m²，一旦突破，将带来巨大经济效益。前期受资料所限，研究主要侧重于盆地级的大区研究，对盆内区带级的精细研究开展的比较少,对塔东隆起带震旦系白云岩沉积模式研究更少，这不仅困扰着塔东隆起带震旦系的油气勘探，而且对整个盆地上震旦统岩相古地理编图也有重要影响。借助新的钻井资料和高品质地震资料，对塔东隆起带震旦系白云岩开展地震地层学和沉积学研究，建立上震旦统沉积模式，提出塔东隆起带震旦系为断陷沉积，发育2个北东—南西向的双断裂陷，裂陷中部受基底断块隆升影响，形成断块碳酸盐岩台地，发育浅水台地颗粒滩、潮坪相沉积。震旦纪末期，受构造掀斜运动影响，南部抬升，地层遭受剥蚀，形成现今北厚南薄的楔状地层分布模式。

With the fact that exploration marching towards deep reservoir, Because of its good source reservoir cap assemblage, Sinian dolomite has gradually become an important exploration target for near source exploration of primary oil and gas reservoirs. The Sinian dolomite in Tadong Uplift is shallowly buried, with an exploration area of 15 000 km² within depth of 6 000 m. Once it breaks through, it will bring huge economic benefits. Limited by the data, the early research mainly focused on the large-scale study of basin scale, less on the detailed study of regional scale and less on the sedimentary model of Sinian dolomite, which not only puzzles the oil and gas exploration of Sinian System in Tadong Uplift, but also has an important impact on the lithofacies paleogeographic mapping of the whole basin. Based on the new drilling data and high quality seismic data, this paper studies the seismic stratigraphy and sedimentology of Sinian dolomite in the Tadong Uplift zone, establishes the sedimentary model of Upper Sinian, and proposes that the Sinian System in Tadong Uplift zone is rift deposit, forming two NE-SW double rifted depressions. The central part of the rifting is affected by the uplift of the basement fault block, forming a fault block carbonate platform and grain beach and tidal flat facies are deposited in shallow water platform. At the end of Sinian Period, influenced by the structural tilting movement, the southern part was uplifted, and the strata were denuded, forming the present “north thick and south thin” wedge-shaped stratigraphic distribution pattern.

全吉群是不整合于柴达木北缘全吉(欧龙布鲁克)地块变质基底之上的第一套盖层型沉积，目前多数研究者认为其时代大体为新元古代晚期。本文在柴北缘全吉山的全吉群红藻山组建组剖面上，对位于该组下部的两层凝灰岩开展了LA-MC-ICPMS锆石U-Pb同位素定年研究，获得其岩浆锆石的U-Pb同位素年龄分别为(1 640±15) Ma和(1 646±20) Ma，标定了红藻山组的形成年龄，为柴北缘中新元古界年代地层的重新厘定与划分，提供了新的、直接的年代学约束，具有重要的科学意义。首先，这一新进展表明，在柴北缘地区，传统的全吉群红藻山组以下各组的时代，并非一直以来的“新元古代晚期南华纪—震旦纪(埃迪卡拉纪)”，而应属于国内的中元古代长城纪、国际上的古元古代固结纪(Statherian,1 800~1 600 Ma)晚期；其次，根据当前定年并结合新近在红藻山组与上覆地层之间发现有古风化壳及区域性不整合、全吉群上部发育有埃迪卡拉纪化石及冰碛砾岩等证据，本文进一步确认，柴北缘全吉群在红藻山组与其上覆黑土山组等地层单位之间其实存在着相当长时间的地层缺失，传统的“全吉群”应予解体。由此并参考已有资料，本文认为，早先代表柴达木地块形成的“全吉运动”并不能与华南的“晋宁运动”对比，而应与华北的“吕梁运动”相当，全吉地块乃至整个柴达木及周边地区的中、新元古代地质演化历史及其大地构造亲缘属性等，都应重新予以考虑。

以塔里木盆地西北部阿克苏—柯坪—乌什地区寒武系玉尔吐斯组露头剖面为例,通过对露头剖面的宏、微观研究,对富有机质细粒沉积岩形成环境进行分析。研究发现：①玉尔吐斯组下部为富有机质细粒沉积岩或与硅质岩的薄韵律互层,向上变为陆源碎屑混积的颗粒滩和逆粒序的碳酸盐岩;②与暗色泥页岩韵律互层的薄层灰岩具逆粒序;③薄层状硅质岩具交代残余颗粒结构、叠层状构造和孔洞胶结组构;④混积颗粒滩变浅序列顶部具铁质结壳层,其下见溶沟、溶缝及囊状溶洞、近地表喀斯特（塑形）角砾以及岩溶系统内的角砾、陆源碎屑充填物等,这些均为暴露岩溶标志;⑤露头和地震剖面上,不整合面或暴露面之上的富有机质细粒沉积岩具典型的超覆特征。综合分析认为,寒武系玉尔吐斯组富有机质细粒沉积物形成于缺氧—次氧化的受限海湾澙湖环境,其形成可能受高的古生产力、氧交换不畅共同控制,进而建立了其浅水超覆沉积模式。结果将有助于丰富完善富有机质细粒沉积岩沉积学理论。图12参60

The observation and research results of the outcrops and drilling cores show that Cambrian deepwater carbonate gravity flow depositional rock is widely distributed in the eastern part of Tarim Basin. The gravity flow rock can be divided into slope breccia, high-density calcarenaceous turbidite and low-density calcarenaceous turbidite. By means of marking single well thickness, analyzing seismic facies and drawing regional maps, it is shown that the slope breccia and the high-density calcarenaceous turbidite are distributed in a large scale of 40-80 km of width and 50-150 m of thickness along the Upper Cambrian slope. According to the core analysis and log interpretation, a certain thickness of good reservoirs may develop in the strata of gravity flow depositional rock, especially in the strata of high density turbidite. The fact of numerous oil and gas shows in the Upper Cambrian slope has revealed that the deepwater carbonate gravity flow rock is a domain worthy to prospect.

2023年9月, 塔里木盆地塔北隆起西部喀拉玉尔衮构造带雄探1井在上寒武统下丘里塔格组获重大油气勘探突破,继白垩系、古近系后,塔北地区又获一重要层系发现,标志着塔北地区具备多层系立体成藏特征。基于构造样式、断裂特征及雄探1井钻井、测井、测试资料的综合分析,明确了喀拉玉尔衮构造带烃源岩条件、油源通道和储、盖条件及圈闭类型,系统梳理了喀拉玉尔衮构造带寒武系下丘里塔格组的油气成藏要素及成藏模式。塔北隆起深层发育两套烃源岩,其中,寒武系玉尔吐斯组为主要烃源岩层,前寒武系裂陷槽烃源岩为潜在烃源岩。研究区构造运动活跃,发育加里东期、海西期和喜马拉雅期断裂,NNW向走滑断裂叠加NW向及EW向逆冲断裂,形成相互交错的断裂体系,垂向沟通深部烃源岩与储集层。研究区上寒武统下丘里塔格组具有早期成圈、多期成藏的特点,晚海西期受强烈挤压作用的影响,多条通源断裂及相关构造圈闭雏形形成,后期构造运动叠加,研究区持续隆升,形成上寒武统大面积连片分布的构造圈闭,捕获多期油气充注。建立了下丘里塔格组“下生上储、断裂输导、近源成藏”的构造油气成藏模式。研究认识揭示,塔北西部寒武系下丘里塔格组具有巨大的油气勘探潜力,有望成为盆地台盆区新的油气增储上产战略接替区。

Well Xiongtan 1 in Kalayuergun structural belt of western Tabei uplift, Tarim Basin, has made a major breakthrough in oil and gas exploration in the Upper Cambrian Xiaqiulitage Formation in September 2023. This is another significant oil bearing strata discovery that has been made since Cretaceous and Paleogene in Tabei area, demonstrating the three-dimensional multi-layer hydrocarbon accumulation in Tabei area. Based on comprehensively analyzing the structural styles, fault characteristics, as well as the drilling, logging and testing data of Well Xiongtan 1, the paper makes clear the source rock conditions, oil and gas channel, reservoir-cap conditions and trap types of Kalayuergun structural belt, and systematically summarizes the accumulation elements and modes of the Cambrian Xiaqiulitage Formation in Kalayuergun structural belt. Two sets of deep source rocks are developed in Tabei uplift. The hydrocarbon source correlation shows that the Cambrian Yuertusi Formation is the main source rock layer, and the potential source rock is developed in the pre-Cambrian rift trough. Tectonic movement is active in the study area, forming Caledonian, Hercynian and Himalayan faults. NNW-trending strike-slip faults are superimposed with NW- and EW-trending thrust faults, forming an interlaced fault system, which vertically communicates with deep source rocks and reservoirs. Traps of the Upper Cambrian Xiaqiulitage Formation were formed at an early stage, where multiple periods of oil and gas accumulation occurred; under the influence of strong compression in Late Hercynian period, several faults connected with source rocks and related structural traps were initially formed. As a result of the late tectonic movement, the whole area continued to uplift, and formed a large area of continuously distributed tectonic traps in the Upper Cambrian reservoir, capturing oil and gas in multiple stages. The hydrocarbon accumulation mode of "lower generation and upper reservoir, dredging by faults and near-source accumulation" is established. The research results reveal that the Cambrian Xiaqiulitage Formation in western Tabei uplift has a huge exploration prospect, and it is expected to become a new strategic replacement area for increasing reserve and production in the platform area of Tarim Basin.

塔里木盆地台盆区深层海相油气勘探目标由层间岩溶向断控岩溶转变,并在处于坳陷区的富满地区发现了以走滑断裂为主控因素的断控型油田。富满地区储层特征与盆地内古隆起区、斜坡区均有不同,因此需要建立适合研究区的走滑断裂控储模式。本次研究通过高密度三维地震资料刻画了研究区走滑断裂的分布,利用岩心、测井、试井资料以及缝洞体识别技术明确了不同类型的储层分布,分析了研究区走滑断裂样式与差异变形对储层发育的影响,建立了走滑断裂控储模式。研究结果表明:(1)富满大型碳酸盐岩油气聚集区储集空间主要由多期走滑构造破裂作用与岩溶作用形成的洞穴型、裂缝-孔洞型、裂缝型与孔洞型空间组成;(2)走滑断裂活动性越强,断裂带宽度越大,储层发育规模越大,张扭段与压扭段断层破碎带型储层较平移段平面分布范围更广,纵向发育深度更大;(3)张扭段为汇水区,断裂联通性好,有利于大气流体下渗以及热流体上涌从而对储层进行溶蚀改造;压扭段为分流区,岩溶储层多发育于断裂带两侧,断裂开启程度低,受流体改造程度低于张扭段。

The exploration target for deep marine hydrocarbon in the platform basin area, Tarim Basin has changed from interlayer karst to fault-controlled reservoir, and a strike-slip fault- controlled oilfield is discovered in the Fuman depression area. The strike-slip fault and reservoir characteristics of the Fuman area differ from the paleo-uplift slope area of the basin. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a fault-control reservoir model for the study area. In this paper, the strike-slip fault system is described based on high-density 3D seismic data; the distribution pattern of different types of reservoirs is revealed by core, logging, and fracture-cavity recognition technology; the impact of strike-slip fault style and differential deformation on reservoir development is analyzed; and a strike-slip fault-control reservoir model is established. Here are the main conclusions: (1) The large carbonate hydrocarbon accumulation area of Fuman mainly contains cave, fracture-hole, fracture, and hole-pore type reservoirs formed by multi-stage strike-slip faulting and karstification. (2) Differential deformation of strike-slip faults controls the reservoir type and reservoir distribution by influencing the extent of the fracture zone and the fluid activity range—larger activity range corresponds to larger fracture zone, and reservoir development in the tenso- and compresso-shear sections is better than in the linear section. (3) The tenso-shear section is a catchment area with good fault connectivity conducive to meteoric water infiltration and thermal fluid upwelling for carbonate dissolution. The compresso-shear section, on the other hand, is a distributary area, where karst reservoirs developed mostly on the two sides of the fault zone, with relatively small fracture opening thus lesser fluid transformation compared to the tenso-shear section.