基于露头、钻井、测井和地震资料,对扬子克拉通西北缘超深层震旦系灯影组成藏条件、成藏模式与勘探潜力进行系统研究。结果表明：①扬子克拉通西北缘震旦纪—早寒武世早期为克拉通裂陷阶段,表现为同沉积断裂发育与裂陷快速沉降,沉积分异显著,裂陷两侧灯影组发育大型台缘带;②震旦系—寒武系发育陡山沱组与麦地坪组—筇竹寺组两套优质烃源岩,其中后者厚度为150~600 m,生烃强度为（100~200）×10⁸m³/km²;③震旦系灯影组断控台缘带丘滩体厚度大且成排成带分布,受同生期—准同生期和表生期岩溶作用叠加改造,形成厚度为200~400 m的孔洞型储集层;④两套烃源岩主生油期在二叠纪—早三叠世,石油近距离运移至灯影组丘滩体岩性圈闭中聚集形成规模巨大的古油藏群;晚三叠世—侏罗纪古油藏裂解成气,奠定现今天然气藏基础;⑤灯影组台缘带丘滩体与两套优质烃源岩形成多种有利源储配置关系,具备近源高效成藏的条件,可形成大型岩性气藏群。绵阳—剑阁地区是潜在的万亿立方米储量规模大气区,位于该区域的老关庙构造灯影组二段丘滩体面积约1 300 km²,是近期超深层勘探值得探索的目标。

随着三大海相克拉通盆地油气勘探不断向超深层、古老层系拓展，面临着有利勘探区带不明确的问题，亟需深化重点时期沉积模式的研究。对三大盆地新元古界—古生界构造-沉积差异演化特征进行总结，分析了构造分异对沉积演化的控制作用，指出三大古老海相克拉通盆地“裂—坳—隆”构造分异控制碳酸盐台地经历“孤立台地—缓坡—镶边”演化旋回，裂陷的形成和演化控制了台地沉积分异及纵向上源储盖组合的相似性。建立了4类碳酸盐沉积新模式：①“多类台缘”和“双滩”缓坡沉积模式揭示大陆边缘和裂陷边缘、坳陷边缘、内缓坡相带中古隆起和潟湖周缘是有利丘滩体发育区；②碳酸盐岩与膏盐岩组合体系沉积模式揭示海侵期古隆起周缘是有利滩体发育区；③四川盆地灯影组断阶型台缘沉积模式揭示多组同沉积断裂控制灯二段阶梯状台缘形成，断块高部位发育厚层丘滩体；④塔里木盆地寒武系持续扩展型台缘沉积模式揭示轮南—富满地区台缘带经历了富泥质缓坡→低角度前积缓坡—弱镶边台地→垂向加积镶边台地→侧向前积镶边台地的演化。沉积模式新认识明确了三大古老海相克拉通盆地的古裂陷周缘丘滩带依然是增储上产和资源接替的重要领域，斜坡相重力流沉积、蒸发潟湖相泥灰岩等新领域是值得关注的勘探区带。沉积新模式的建立有力支撑了油气勘探部署，也为未来勘探提供了新方向、新思路。

With the continuous expansion of oil and gas exploration into ultra-deep and ancient strata in the three major marine cratonic basins, challenges such as unclear favorable exploration zones have emerged. Therefore it is imperative to deepen research on depositional models for critical geological periods. Based on the summary of the Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic tectonic-sedimentary differential evolution characteristics of the three major basins, this paper analyzes the controlling effects of tectonic differentiation on sedimentary evolution. It is pointed out that the three ancient marine cratonic basins exhibit a tectonic differentiation pattern of "rift-depression-uplift", driving carbonate platforms undergoing an evolutionary cycle of "isolated platform-ramp-rimmed platform", and the formation and evolution of rifts control the sedimentary differentiation of platforms and the similarity of the vertical sourced-reservoer-cap assemblages. Four new models of carbonate sedimentation were established: "multi-type platform margins" and "double shoals" ramp models, carbonate-gypsum/salt symbiotic system model, fault terrace platform margin model of Dengying Formation in Sichuan Basin, and continuously expanding platform margin sedimentary model of Cambrian in Tarim Basin. The "multi-type platform margins" and "double shoals" ramp model reveal that the continental margin and rift margin, depression margin, paleo-uplift of inner ramp and lagoon periphery are favorable mound-shoal development areas. The carbonate-gypsum/salt symbiotic system model reveals that the margin of the paleo-uplift during transgression period is a favorable shoal development area. The fault terrace platform margin sedimentary model indicates that multiple syndepositional fault systems control the formation of step-like platform margins of the 2nd member of Dengying Formation in Sichuan Basin, with thick mound-shoal complexes developed on high fault blocks. The continuous extension platform margin sedimentary model reveals that the Cambrian platform margin belt of Lunnan-Gucheng area in Tarim Basin has undergone the evolution of mud-rich ramp→low-angle progradational ramp/weakly rimmed platform→vertically aggrading platform→laterally prograding rimmed platform. The new understanding of carbonate sedimentary models confirms that the mound-shoal belts around the paleo-rift of the three ancient marine craton basins are still important areas for increasing oil and gas reserves and ensuring resource succession. In addition, new fields such as gravity flow deposits in slope facies and marlstones in evaporative lagoon facies are worthy of exploration. The establishment of the new models of carbonate sedimentation strongly supports the deployment of oil and gas exploration, and also provides a new direction and ideas for future exploration.

通过露头、岩心、薄片、矿物X衍射、氩离子抛光、扫描电镜及钻井资料的综合研究,在上扬子地区寒武系梅树村组沉积期—筇竹寺组沉积期沉积地层中识别出9种页岩岩相、5类沉积相标志,提出了页岩沉积相类型精细划分方案,建立了页岩沉积演化发育模式。指出梅树村组沉积期与筇竹寺组沉积期在沉积作用方式、沉积体系类型及沉积相分布上均存在差异：梅树村组沉积期以机械-化学沉积和生物沉积为主,主体为碳酸盐缓坡台地—陆棚—斜坡—深水盆地沉积体系;筇竹寺组沉积期以砂质机械沉积、泥质絮凝及生物沉积为主,主体为滨岸—陆棚—斜坡—深水盆地沉积体系。资阳—长宁近南北向展布的地区、东南部鄂西—渝东—黔中及东北部宜昌—房县一线的地区为两个深水陆棚相富有机质页岩沉积中心,是页岩气勘探有利地区,但前者富有机质页岩以多层、薄层为特点,后者以连续厚层为特点,今后应考虑其差异进行有针对性的页岩气勘探部署。图8表2参23

Based on comprehensive analysis of outcrops, cores, rock thin sections, mineral X-ray diffraction and Argon ion-milling - scanning electron microscopy, nine lithofacies types and five facies marks in the Lower Cambrian Meishucun Formation and Qiongzhusi Formation in the Upper Yangtze are identified, a classification scheme of the shale sedimentary facies is proposed, and the deposition and evolution model of the shale in the Lower Cambrian is figured out. This research shows there are difference in sedimentation, types and distribution of the sedimentary facies in the Meishucun Formation and Qiongzhusi Formation. The main sedimentation modes in the Meishucun Stage were mechanical-chemical and biological sedimentation, the sedimentary facies (from west to east) were carbonate ramp, shelf, and slope and bathyal basin. The main sedimentation of the Qiongzhusi Stage was clastic mechanical, argillaceous flocculation and biological deposition, and the sedimentary facies were shore, shelf, and ramp and bathyal basin. There are two depositional centers of rich organic shale in the Upper Yangtze which are the prospective area for shale gas exploration. The first one is in the Ziyang-Changning area in nearly north-south strike, which is characterized by multiple thin layers. The other one is in the Western Hubei-Eastern Chongqing-Middle Guizhou and Yichang-Jianshi-Fangxian, which is characterized by the thick-layer shale. The shale gas exploration in these areas in the future should take pertinent strategies in line with their differences.

应用地质、地震及钻井等资料,对川西南冲断带深层地质结构、构造演化和变形过程进行系统研究,探讨四川盆地西南（简称川西南）地区深层潜在的油气勘探领域。川西南冲断带在关键地质历史时期发育特征性的地层分布及构造变形结构,主要包括前震旦纪多个近南北向的裂谷构造、震旦系灯影组阶梯状台地-台缘构造、晚古生代早期的西部古隆起、晚古生代—中三叠世碳酸盐台地、晚三叠世至白垩纪的前陆斜坡和前缘隆起构造以及新生代多期多向再生前陆冲断构造等。现今川西南冲断带整体上表现为受中三叠统雷口坡组内盐层和基底拆离层控制的双层冲断变形几何学结构,浅变形层发育构造位移远距离传播的北东—南西走向的滑脱冲断构造;而深变形层则发育基底卷入的近南北走向的基底褶皱,并改造了上部早期形成的滑脱冲断构造,改造强度南强北弱。川西南冲断带南部地区以晚期基底冲断褶皱构造为特征,而中—北部地区则以浅层滑脱冲断为主。靠近山前的雾中山构造带呈现滑脱推覆结构特征,上盘推覆构造为复杂化的断层转折褶皱核部和前翼,深层则发育稳定的隐伏原地构造。从构造变形结构分析,区域盐滑脱层上、下的构造变形层中都发育了有利的勘探层系和区带,各变形层中多排显性背斜构造带是重点领域。而雾中山构造带深层原地隐伏的震旦系和二叠系、深层隐伏的前震旦纪裂谷层序及相关构造、震旦系灯影组台地-台缘带以及龙泉山构造东侧的印支期古隆起等是川西南冲断带潜在油气勘探领域。图11参36

四川盆地震旦系灯影组勘探成效显著、潜力巨大。对四川盆地川西南部开展野外露头、岩心岩石学 特征和地球化学分析，并结合地震资料综合研究认为：川西南部汉王场构造汉深1 井震旦系灯影组具有贫藻富硅、 Ca及Mg含量相对低、Si含量高、δ13C及δ18O偏低的特征，与灯四段在岩性特征、常量元素和同位素含量上基 本一致，所钻揭的灯影组层位归属为灯四段；井震结合预测，川西南部灯四段主要在成都—犍为以西地区分布，厚 200～300m，在盆地内分布面积达1.5×104km2，向南一直延伸到西昌、云南地区。灯四段厚度向德阳—安岳裂陷内 逐渐减薄，具有缓坡型台地边缘特征。川西南部地区灯四段储层发育，紧邻裂陷槽内寒武系优质烃源岩，成油期处于 古隆起高部位，发育古油藏，后期历经多次构造运动，油裂气重新调整聚集，具备形成构造型、构造—岩性复合型、 构造—地层复合型等气藏的地质条件，邛崃—大兴场—眉山地区是勘探的有利区带。

The Dengying Formation of the Sinian system in the Sichuan Basin has significant consequences for exploration and great potential. Analysis of the petrological and geochemical characteristics of outcrops and cores in the southwestern Sichuan Basin was carried out in combination with seismic data. Comprehensive study shows that the Sinian Dengying Formation in Well Hanshen 1, which is located in the Hanwangchang structure in southwestern Sichuan, is characterized by poor algae content, rich silicon content, relatively low Ca and Mg contents, high Si content, and low δ13C and δ18O contents. This is basically consistent with the 4th member of Dengying Formation (hereinafter Deng-4 member) in terms of lithologic characteristics, major elements and isotopic content, and it is therefore considered that the penetrated stratum is the Deng-4 member of Dengying Formation. According to the prediction of well-seismic combination, the Deng-4 member in the southwestern Sichuan Basin is mainly distributed in the west of the Chengdu-Qianwei area, with a thickness of 200?300 m and a distribution area of 1.5×104 km2 in the basin, extending southward to the Xichang and Yunnan areas. The Deng-4 member gradually thins towards the Deyang-Anyue rift, which is characterized by gentle slope type platform margin. The reservoirs in the Deng-4 member are well developed in the southwestern Sichuan area, which is close to Cambrian high-quality source rocks in the rift. In the oil generation stage, the reservoirs were located at the high position of the paleo-uplift, so that paleo oil reservoirs were formed. In the later stage, after several tectonic movements, oil cracking gas was re-adjusted and re-accumulated. This provided the geological conditions to form gas reservoirs of structural type, structural-lithologic type and structural-stratigraphic type. The areas of Qionglai-Daxingchang-Meishan are favorable zones for petroleum exploration.

近年来四川盆地及邻区震旦系灯影组天然气及陡山沱组页岩气勘探均取得重大突破,但对陡山沱组的沉积背景条件缺乏系统研究。利用大量露头资料,结合少量钻井、地震资料,分析了中—上扬子地区陡山沱组沉积期岩相古地理格局、沉积环境、沉积演化及烃源岩分布。研究表明：①中—上扬子地区陡山沱组沉积期沉积充填序列及地层分布受古隆起和边缘凹陷控制。古隆起区陡山沱组超覆沉积,厚度薄,发育滨岸相、混积陆棚相、非典型碳酸盐台地相;边缘凹陷地层齐全、厚度大,发育深水陆棚相和局限海盆相。②陡山沱组沉积序列总体表现为“海侵-高位-海退”的一个完整沉积旋回。陡山沱组一段为海侵初期的非典型碳酸盐缓坡沉积,陡山沱组二段为广泛海侵期的滨岸—混积陆棚沉积,陡山沱组三段为海侵高位阶段的非典型局限—开阔海台地沉积。③陡山沱组二段发育富有机质黑色页岩,分布稳定、厚度大,是重要的烃源岩发育层段和页岩气主力层段;陡山沱组三段以微生物碳酸盐岩为特征,有较好的储集条件,有利于天然气及磷等矿产资源成藏（矿）富集,为值得重视的新领域。秦岭海槽、鄂西海槽是天然气（包括页岩气）及磷矿、锰矿等矿产资源勘查的有利区。图10表2参29

近年来,随着扬子克拉通埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组页岩气勘探获得重大突破,深入和细化陡山沱期构造-岩相古地理就显得迫在眉睫。基于大量野外露头和最新钻井资料,结合前人研究成果,作者对陡山沱期构造-岩相古地理进行了分析、研究和图件编制。研究认为: 扬子克拉通埃迪卡拉纪陡山沱期,受控处于罗迪尼亚超大陆西北边缘的古地理位置和超大陆大规模裂解之后的热沉降作用初期的成盆构造环境,其古地理特征总体呈现出西高东低、北高南低,四古陆剥蚀区(汉南、康滇、牛首山和江南古陆)、三台地区(上扬子、中下扬子和浙北台地)与四盆地区(扬子东南缘与北缘坳陷、万源—达州和湘鄂西内裂陷)相间的沉积面貌和格局。其中,台地区以局限—开阔台地,盆地区以台缘斜坡、陆棚和半深海等为主要优势相。4个古陆是扬子陡山沱组主要的碎屑物源区,下伏裂谷盆地构造和陡山沱期发育的同沉积断裂,共同控制了埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组构造-沉积特征。提出陕南、川东北、鄂西和湘黔渝临区是最有利的陡山沱组烃源岩分布区,其次是浙北—皖南地区。有利烃源岩分布区及其邻区是扬子深层—超深层常规天然气或页岩气勘探值得高度关注的区域。

Recently,great breakthroughs have been obtained in shale gas exploration in the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in the Yangtze Craton. Thus,the tectonic-lithofacies palaeogeography of the Yangtze Craton during the Doushantuo depositional period was in urgent need to be further studied. Based on a large number of outcrop sections,latest drilling data,numerous previous studies,we reconstructed the tectonic-lithofacies palaeogeography of the Yangtze Craton. The results indicated that,during the Ediacaran Doushantuo Period,the tectonic background of the Yangtze Craton was not only controlled by its palaeogeographic location(at the northwest of the supercontinent Rodinia),but also by the thermal sedimentation after the continental rifting. The tectonic-lithofacies palaeogeography of the Yangtze Craton generally showed higher terrain in the west and the north,and lower in the east and the south,with four oldlands developed namely the Hannan,Kangdian,Niushoushan and Jiangnan oldlands. The sedimentary pattern was featured by three platforms(in the Upper Yangtze,Middle-Lower Yangtze,and northern Zhejiang regions)alternated with four basins(in the Wanyuan-Dazhou,west Hubei-Hunan,southeastern and northern Yangtze margins). The three platforms were dominated by restricted-open platform facies; the four basins were dominated by platform margin slope,shelf and bathyal facies. The four oldlands(provided the main detrital provenance),together with the syn-depositional faults and the palaeostructure of the underlying rift basins,controlled the tectonic-sedimentary characteristics of the Yangtze Craton during the Ediacaran Doushantuo Period. The paper has proposed that the southern Shaanxi,northeastern Sichuan,western Hubei,and the adjacent area of the Hunan,Guizhou and Chongqing are the most favorable distribution areas of the Doushantuo source rocks;the northern Zhejiang and southern Anhui areas are the secondary favorable distribution areas. These favorable distribution areas and their adjacent areas are considered to be favorable regions for deepening the deep natural gas exploration in the Yangtze Craton.

利用高石梯—磨溪地区大量新钻探井和野外露头资料，开展震旦系—寒武系天然气组分、同位素、轻烃组成、烃源岩干酪根碳同位素、储集层沥青生物标志物等地球化学特征研究。研究表明：①震旦系灯影组和寒武系龙王庙组天然气均为典型的干气，以烃类气体为主。但灯影组干燥系数大、烃类组分含量低、非烃组分含量高。非烃气体含量的差异主要表现在氮气、二氧化碳、硫化氢和氦气方面。烃源岩成熟度不同和含硫矿物与烃类反应生成H2S是造成灯影组和龙王庙组天然气组成细微差别的原因。②灯影组和龙王庙组天然气δ13C2值差异明显，主要反映母质类型的差异。③灯影组和龙王庙组天然气甲烷δ2H值差异大，主要反映母质沉积水介质盐度的差异。④下寒武统页岩、灯影组泥岩、陡山沱组泥岩和灯影组碳酸盐岩干酪根碳同位素平均值分别为?32.8‰、?31.9‰、?30.7‰和?27.8‰。⑤灯影组储集层沥青4-甲基二苯并噻吩/1-甲基二苯并噻吩值介于筇竹寺组和灯影组烃源岩之间。研究认为高石梯—磨溪地区震旦系—寒武系天然气主要为原油裂解气，震旦系天然气来源于震旦系和寒武系烃源岩，寒武系天然气主要来源于寒武系烃源岩。图5表4参35

Based on the new drilling data and field outcrop data of the Gaoshiti–Moxi area, the geochemical characteristics of the Sinian-Cambrian natural gas are studied and analyzed, including gas composition, isotope, light hydrocarbon, kerogen carbon isotope and reservoir bitumen biomarkers etc. The results show that: (1) The natural gases of the Sinian Dengying Formation and Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation, mainly composed of hydrocarbon gas, are typical dry gas. However, the natural gas of the Dengying Formation is characterized by higer dry coefficient, lower content of hydrocarbon gas and higher content of non-hydrocarbon gas. The main difference in non-hydrocarbon gases are the contents of N2, CO2, H2S and He, the small composition differences between the natural gas of Dengying Formation and that of Longwangmiao Formation are mainly caused by maturity differences of source rocks and H2S generated by reaction between sulfide mineral and hydrocarbons. (2) There are obvious differences in δ13C2 between the natural gases in Dengying Formation and Longwangmiao Formation, showing different parent materials of them. (3) There are large differences in δ2H between the natural gases of Dengying Formation and Longwangmiao Formation, showing the different water salinities of their source rock depositional environment. (4) The average kerogen carbon isotope values of the Lower Cambrian shale, Dengying Formation mudstone, Doushantuo Formation mudstone and Dengying Formation carbonates are ?32.8‰, ?31.9‰, ?30.7‰ and ?27.8‰ respectively. (5) The ratio of 4-methyl dibenzothiophene to 1-methyl dibenzothiophene of Dengying Formation bitumen is between that of Qiongzhusi Formation and Dengying Formation source rocks. It is believed that the Sinian-Cambrian natural gas in the Gaoshiti-Moxi area is mainly oil cracking gas, the Sinian natural gases come from the Sinian and Cambrian source rocks, and the Cambrian natural gases mainly come from Cambrian source rock.

基于国内外重要含油气盆地天然气样品和岩石样品，进行氦气含量、组分、同位素及岩石样品中U、Th含量分析，对氦气富集机理、富集模式、分布规律和勘探思路等进行研究。研究认为，能否形成富氦气藏取决于气藏中氦气的供给量和天然气对氦气的稀释程度，其富集成藏特征可以概括为“多源供氦、主源富氦；氦氮伴生、同溶共聚”。氦气主要来自岩石中U和Th的放射性衰变，所有岩石都含有微量的U和Th，都可为气藏提供一定的氦源，但以花岗岩或变质岩为主的大型古老基底往往是富氦气藏的主力氦源。古老基底中的U和Th经历漫长地质历史时期的衰变生成的氦气连同基底岩石中无机含氮化合物裂解生成的氮气溶解在水中，随构造抬升，地层水沿断裂往上运移至气藏并释放出氦和氮气，使气藏同时富集氦和氮气，氦氮的伴生关系十分明显。在东部拉张型盆地，构造活动强烈，天然气中混有一定比例的幔源氦气。富氦气藏大多发育于有断裂沟通的古老基底之上、后期经历大幅度构造抬升、盖层封盖能力适中、天然气充注强度中等、地下水比较活跃的常压或低压区。氦气勘探须放弃以寻找天然气甜点和高产大气田的传统“兼探”思路，根据氦气富集特点，寻找有断裂并与古老基底沟通、晚期构造抬升幅度较大、盖层封盖能力相对较弱、天然气充注强度不高、古老地层水较丰富的气藏。

基于氦气来源、赋存载体、地质背景及典型富氦气田解剖，分析梳理了氦气资源及区带分类体系、控藏要素有效性及主要富集模式。基于氦气自身特殊性及依附于天然气聚集成藏相关性分析，从氦气来源多样性、赋存载体类型、载体气技术经济性、载体气成因、载体气主要组分、氦气源储组合、原型盆地构造背景及氦气含量等9个方面，首先分析梳理了中国氦气资源类型划分方案与分类体系，为后续分门别类针对性细化研究和评价奠定基础。其次，分析指出了中国东中西部氦气资源类型纵横向分布变化特征、发育的构造动力学背景、地质地球化学特征与成藏关键条件。第三，从氦气“生—运—聚”系统与富氦气藏形成控制要素及有效性角度，剖析了氦气聚集控藏要素有效性及地质评价值得重视的相关问题，指出了氦气成藏和勘探评价中的认识误区。最后，从盆地构造背景、控氦富集机制及勘探思路和方向角度，提出了中国氦气赋存的“原盆—构造—岩性—载气”4层次要素组合区带的勘探选区评价思路及分类方案，据此梳理了中国4类盆地8类富氦区带，分析并建立了中国克拉通古隆起型、克拉通边缘断褶变异型、坳陷盆地断隆型、前陆盆地斜坡/隆起型、断陷盆地断凸型及富铀钍基岩型等8种典型区带富氦气田富集模式暨勘探模式，剖析了不同类型富氦气藏形成主控因素，为后续探寻发现类似富氦气区和目标评价提供思路参考。

Based on the source of helium， carrier， geological background， and anatomy of typical helium-rich fields， the classification system， effective reservoir control elements， and major enrichment and exploration modes of helium resources in China are analyzed. Firstly， based on the special characteristics of helium and the correlation analysis of natural gas accumulation and reservoir formation， we analyzed and sorted out the helium resource and play type classification scheme and classification system in China from nine aspects， namely， the source of helium parental sources， helium type diversities， the storage and carrier types， the technically and economically recoverable characteristics of carrier gases， the carrier gas genesis， the main components of carrier gases， the matching combination of helium sources and reservoirs， and background of prototype basin structure， helium content，so as to lay the foundation for the subsequent targeted and detailed studies and evaluation programs in different categories. Secondly， the analysis points out the characteristics of helium resource types in the east， middle， and west of China in terms of longitudinal and transverse distribution， tectonic dynamics， geological and geochemical characteristics， and key conditions for the formation of helium deposits. Thirdly， from the perspective of the helium “generation-migration-accumulation” system and the controlling elements and effectiveness of helium-rich reservoir formation， we analyze the effective controlling elements of helium accumulation and the related problems that deserve attention in geological evaluation and point out the misunderstandings in helium reservoir formation and exploration evaluation. Last but not least， from the perspective of basin tectonic background， helium enrichment controlling mechanism and exploration direction， the exploration and evaluation direction and classification scheme for the four element combination zones of “original basin-structure-lithology-carrier gas” helium accumulation in China have been proposed， based on which， four types of basins and eight types of helium rich zones in China have been sorted out. In these eight types of helium rich zones， selected eight typical helium-rich field enrichment and exploration patterns， including ancient uplift type of China's Craton， fracture-fold variant of the Craton margin， fracture-rise type of depression basin， slope bulge and uplift type of foreland basin， fracture-convex type of fracture basin， and U/Th-rich basement type of basin were analyzed， and the main controlling factors of the formation of different types of helium-rich deposits were analyzed， which will provide a reference for the subsequent exploration and discovery of similar helium-rich areas and exploration target evaluation.

以四川盆地乐山—龙女寺古隆起区古老的震旦系深层碳酸盐岩气藏为研究对象，通过系统分析气藏形成的各种特征，包括气藏类型、流体性质、天然气成因与来源、油气充注期次与成藏演化等，研究了气藏的形成模式机制。结果表明，四川盆地震旦系灯影组发育构造、岩性、地层—岩性等多类型气藏，不同气藏流体的性质存在差异。天然气为震旦系烃源岩与寒武系烃源岩混源气，不同气藏混源比例存在差异。气藏的形成经历了“三阶段”：古油藏生成、原油发生裂解、气藏调整与定型；具“三机制”：古油藏裂解异位聚集、古油藏裂解原位(就近)聚集、晚期干气聚集。对于类似于研究区这种高演化阶段的深层碳酸盐岩气藏，古油藏裂解原位聚集机制可能是气藏形成与保存的最有利模式，最近勘探取得重大突破的川中地区灯影组大型气藏即属于这种模式机制。

Sinian deep-buried carbonate gas reservoir has been discovered in the Leshan-Longnvsi Paleo-uplift,Sichuan Basin.In this paper,we discuss the formation mechanism of this reservoir based on an integrated analysis of multiple characteristics of the gas formation,including gas reservoir type,fluid nature,origin and source of gas,gas charge phase,and evolution of gas formation.Results show that the Sinian Dengying Formation gas reservoir includes diversified types,such as structural,lithological,and stratigraphic-lithological.The fluid nature varies in different gas reservoirs.The gas is of mixed origin and sourced from Sinian and Lower Cambrian rocks,and the mixed ratio varies in different reservoirs.The gas formation has subjected to three phases,including the primary formation of paleo-oil reservoir,subsequent oil-cracking,and final alteration and accumulation of gas reservoir.The gas formation has three mechanisms,including the remigration and accumulation of the cracking paleo-oil,in-situ or intact accumulation of the cracking paleo-oil,and late accumulation of dry gas.Of these three mechanisms,the second one may be the most significant for the exploration of deep-buried carbonate reservoir under high maturation condition,as exemplified by the most-recently discovered giant gas reservoir in the central basin.

基于震旦系和寒武系烃源岩地球化学特征及与已发现气藏对比关系,辅以成藏条件分析,探讨震旦系天然气来源,明确了震旦系烃源岩的成藏贡献及原生含气系统有效性。通过天然气组成、碳氢同位素及震旦系成藏组合有效性分析,认为：①震旦系原生天然气具有低乙烷含量、重乙烷碳同位素组成和轻甲烷氢同位素组成3个特点,明显不同于寒武系;②震旦系气藏是震旦系与寒武系双源形成的混源气藏,震旦系贡献比例在灯影组四段与灯影组二段不同,位于灯影组四段台缘带和台内的贡献比分别为39%和55%,位于灯影组二段台缘带和台内的贡献比分别为54%和68%;③震旦系原生含气系统的有效性取决于源灶生气有效性、储集层有效性与成藏要素组合有效性。高过成熟海相层系天然气来源除液态烃热裂解成气外,R_o<3.5%的区域,烃源岩干酪根仍具有一定的热降解生气潜力。震旦系微生物白云岩在深层环境仍发育规模优质储集层,且在川中古隆起范围内与其他成藏要素形成时空匹配,增加了震旦系原生含气系统存在的可能性。研究成果证实震旦系原生含气系统具有规模成藏的现实性。图6参53

为了研究烷烃气氢同位素组成及其影响因素,探讨其在天然气成因和成熟度鉴别上的应用,对118井次鄂尔多斯盆地石炭系—二叠系、四川盆地三叠系及68井次四川盆地震旦系、寒武系以及塔里木盆地奥陶系和志留系天然气的组分、碳氢同位素组成等地球化学特征进行了综合分析。认识如下：①鄂尔多斯盆地石炭系—二叠系和四川盆地三叠系须家河组天然气均以烷烃气为主,前者的干燥系数和成熟度普遍高于后者,而后者的烷烃气稳定氢同位素组成要明显比前者更重;②建立了δ²H_CH4-C₁/C₂₊₃天然气成因鉴别图版,并提出重烃气与甲烷氢同位素组成之差和烷烃气氢同位素组成相关图可以用来鉴别天然气成因;③在两个盆地分区域建立了煤成气δ²H_CH4-R_o关系式,提出了煤成气（δ²H_C2H6—δ²H_CH4）-R_o关系式,为煤成气成熟度判别提供了新的指标;④烷烃气稳定氢同位素组成值受到烃源岩母质、成熟度、天然气混合和烃源岩沉积水体介质等多重因素的影响,其中古水体盐度是其中极为关键、重要的一种影响因素。综上,烷烃气氢同位素组成受到多重因素的影响,其在天然气成因、成熟度鉴别以及指示烃源岩沉积水体环境方面具有重要应用价值。图9表2参81

The natural gas resources are abundant in central Sichuan uplift zone, with proven reserve of more than one trillion cubic meters of the Sinian-Cambrian, gas discovery from the Middle Permian Qixia Formation, and commercial gas flows from Xixiangchi Formation,Maokou Formation, Xuanwuyan Formation and Changxing Formation. The geochemical characteristics of various gas reservoirs vary greatly.A large number of experimental data of natural gas composition, carbon isotope and hydrogen isotope are analyzed from newly drilled gas wells to systematically study the genesis and accumulation characteristics of gas reservoirs in central Sichuan uplift zone, so as to identify the key exploration areas with gas reserve of trillion cubic meters. The study results show that: (1) The gas reservoirs of the Sinian, Cambrian and Permian are dry gas mainly composed of hydrocarbon gas with drying coefficient of greater than 0.997, which is crude oil pyrolysis gas.The geochemical characteristics of C2H6 content, d13C2 and d2HCH4 of the Permian gas reservoir is similar with those of the Cambrian gas reservoir generated by source rock of the Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation. For example, gas reservoir of Qixia Formation in GS19 is characterized by high C2H6 content, light d13C2 and light d2HCH4, while gas reservoir of the Upper Sinian Dengying Formation has low C2H6 content, heavy d13C2 and light d2HCH4. The difference of C2H6 content and d13C2 is mainly related to maturity, and that of d2HCH4 is mainly affected by water salinity of the parent sediments. (2) The gas reservoirs in Anyue and Taihe areas are crude oil pyrolysis gas in different evolution stages, in which the former is mainly in the late stage, while the latter is in the early-late stage. The d13C2 of gas reservoir in Anyue area is heavier than that in Taihe area; (3) There are two types of accumulation pattern of the Sinian - Permian gas reservoirs, i.e., single-source and dual-source. The Cambrian gas reservoir and Permian Qixia gas reservoir in GS19 are single-source accumulation pattern, with source rocks of Qiongzhusi Formation and Longmaxi Formation, respectively. The Sinian Dengying gas reservoir and other Permian gas reservoirs are dual-source accumulation pattern, which are supplied by source rock of Qiongzhusi Formation, and supplemented by the Sinian and Permian source rocks respectively. The study indicates that the difference of geochemical characteristics of different gas reservoirs is mainly caused by the contribution ratio of source rocks of different geological ages. The superimposed and contiguous high-quality reservoir in Taihe area is closely adjacent to source rocks or within the range of paleo oil reservoir, which has a resource scale of one trillion cubic meters, showing greatexploration potential.

不同类型的天然气具有不同的碳氢同位素组成，因此，天然气碳氢同位素组成是天然气成因判识的重要指标之一。随着天然气勘探技术的不断发展和勘探数据的持续增长，对天然气成因与来源的认识也在不断加深，如何更新和验证现有数据，以确保天然气成因判识图版的适用性变得至关重要。综合分析了中国四川、塔里木、鄂尔多斯、吐哈、松辽、苏北、三水、柴达木、渤海湾等盆地以及北大西洋中脊Lost City等地区不同成因类型天然气的碳氢同位素特征与常用的碳氢同位素相关的成因鉴别图版，得到以下4点结论：① 中国天然气甲烷碳同位素（δ¹³C₁）、乙烷碳同位素（δ¹³C₂）、丙烷碳同位素（¹³C₃）、丁烷碳同位素（δ¹³C₄）值分布范围分别为-89.4‰~-11.4‰（均值为-36.6 ‰）、-66.0‰~-17.5‰（均值为-29.4‰）、-49.5‰~-13.2‰（均值为-27.3‰）、-38.5‰~-16.0‰（均值为-25.6‰）；② 中国天然气甲烷氢同位素（δD₁）、乙烷氢同位素（δD₂）、丙烷氢同位素（δD₃）值分布范围分别为-287‰~-111‰（均值为-177‰）、-249‰~-94‰（均值为-158‰）、-237‰~-75‰（均值为-146‰）；③ 中国天然气甲烷及其同系物之间碳同位素和氢同位素以正序分布为主（δ¹³C₁<δ¹³C₂<δ¹³C₃<δ¹³C₄，δD₁<δD₂<δD₃），且大部分天然气样品甲烷和乙烷之间的碳氢同位素分馏幅度大于乙烷和丙烷之间的碳氢同位素分馏幅度（Δ（δ¹³C₂-δ¹³C₁）> Δ（δ¹³C₃-δ¹³C₂），Δ（δD₂-δD₁）>Δ（δD₃-δD₂））；④ δ¹³C₁—δ¹³C₂—δ¹³C₃图版、δ¹³C₁—δD₁图版、δ¹³C₁—C₁/C₂₊₃图版、Δ（δ¹³C₂-δ¹³C₁）—Δ（δ¹³C₃-δ¹³C₂）图版、Δ（δD₂-δD₁）—Δ（δD₃-δD₂）图版等都能对天然气进行一定程度的成因鉴别，不同图版之间的联合应用能够加强鉴别效果。

Different types of natural gas have different carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions， so the carbon and hydrogen isotopic composition of natural gas is one of the important indicators of natural gas origin identification. With the continuous development of natural gas exploration technology and the continuous growth of exploration data， understanding of the origin and source of natural gas is also deepening， and how to update and verify the existing data to ensure the applicability of natural gas genetic identification figure has become crucial. This study comprehensively analyzes the stable carbon and hydrogen isotope characteristics of different genetic types of natural gases in Sichuan， Tarim， Ordos， Turpan-Hami， Songliao， Northern Jiangsu， Sanshui， Qaidam， and Bohai Bay basins in China， together with abiotic gases from the Lost City of the Middle Atlantic Ridge， and the genetic identification diagrams related to commonly used carbon and hydrogen isotopes are evaluated. The following four conclusions are obtained： （1） The carbon isotopic values of methane （δ¹³C₁）， ethane （δ¹³C₂）， propane （δ¹³C₃） and butane （δ¹³C₄） of natural gases from China are from -89.4‰ to -11.4‰ （average of -36.6 ‰），-66.0‰ to -17.5‰（average of -29.4‰），-49.5‰ to -13.2‰（average of -27.3‰）， -38.5‰ to -16.0‰（average of -25.6‰），respectively. （2） The hydrogen isotopic values of methane （δD₁）， ethane （δD₂） and propane （δD₃） of natural gases from China range from -287‰ to -111‰ （average of -177‰）， -249‰ to -94‰ （average of -158‰）， and -237‰ to -75‰ （average of -146‰）， respectively. （3） The carbon and hydrogen isotopic distribution patterns among methane and its homologues of natural gases in China are mainly in positive order （δ¹³C₁<δ¹³C₂<δ¹³C₃<δ¹³C₄， δD₁<δD₂<δD₃）. The fractionation amplitude between methane and ethane is greater than that between ethane and propane （Δ（δ¹³C₂-δ¹³C₁）> Δ（δ¹³C₃-δ¹³C₂）， Δ（δD₂-δD₁）>Δ（δD₃-δD₂）） in most natural gas samples. （4） The δ¹³C₁–δ¹³C₂–δ¹³C₃， the δ¹³C₁–δD₁， δ¹³C₁–C₁/C₂₊₃， Δ（δ¹³C₂-δ¹³C₁）–Δ（δ¹³C₃-δ¹³C₂） and Δ（δD₂-δD₁）–Δ（δD₃-δD₂） charts， can be used to identify the gas origin in many different cases， and the combined application between different charts can enhance the identification effect.

天然气稀有气体同位素研究作为一个有别于烃类地球化学的新体系，在进入油气地质、地球化学研究领域仅20余年的时间里已取得了长足进展。元坝气田是继发现国内最大的海相气田&mdash;&mdash;普光气田之后，在四川盆地内发现的又一个大型海相气田。元坝气田天然气烃源问题一直存在争议，主要原因是天然气地球化学数据揭示为源岩高&mdash;过演化阶段产物，而元坝气田能够供气的主要烃源层系均为高&mdash;过演化阶段，形成了对烃源认识的差异。研究共分析元坝气田天然气样品19个，组分分析结果表明干燥系数分布于0.98～1之间，甲烷和乙烷碳同位素组成分别为-35.6&permil;～-28.3&permil;、-34.6&permil;～-21.62&permil;；稀有气体同位素组成³He/⁴He值为(2.50～0.70)&times;10^-8，⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar值为340.7～861.92，主频分布在340.7～500之间。天然气为高成熟_过成熟阶段的产物。研究认为，在元坝气田天然气有机地球化学数据展示多解而无法确定烃源层系的前提下，元坝气田天然气氩同位素特征所表征的源岩定年与发育的烃源岩不符，但又能揭示一些有意义的信息。元坝气藏烃源可能是震旦系或下寒武统筇竹寺组，燕山期早期热演化形成古油藏后，在地质历史变迁中遭到改造或破坏，于燕山中期又经历古油藏持续埋深，经历化学改造和流体调整，原油（或分散有机质）裂解生成天然气，再经过喜马拉雅期的调整改造在构造&mdash;岩性复合圈闭富集形成现今的天然气藏。原油裂解天然气中氩同位素特征表征的是古油藏裂解天然气的氩同位素特征和上三叠统须家河组高_过成熟的腐殖型烃源岩形成的天然气氩同位素特征的混源。

<p>The noble gas isotope of natural gas is a new system，which is different from the conventional hydrocarbon geochemistry，and has made great progress in petroleum geology and geochemistry in not more than 20 years.Yuanba Gasfield is a very large marine facies gasfield in the Sichuan Basin，resembling the Puguang Gasfield.The geochemical data revealed that the gas was generated by the high-over mature source rocks，however，the major source rocks in the Yuanba Gasfield are at high-over mature&nbsp; stage.There has been a controversy that which sets of source rocks provided natural gas to Yuanba Gasreservoir.The chemical analysis of 19 gas examples from the Yuanba Gasfield suggests that the dry coefficient is from 0.98 to 1，&delta;¹³C₁ is from -35.6&permil; to -28.3&permil;，&delta;¹³C₂is from -34.6&permil; to -21.62&permil;，3He/4He ratios is of (2.5-0.7)&times;10^-8，and&nbsp;⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar ratio is from 340.7 to 861.92 with the dominant frequency of 340.7-500.The maturity of natural gas is the same to the source rocks.Nevertheless，the Argon isotope age of natural gas is inconsistent with the eras of the source rocks.When the gas organic geochemical data of Yuanba Gasfield demonstrates multiple solutions and cannot determine hydrocarbon source rock，the Argon isotope characteristics may reveal some meaningful information.The source rock of Yuanba reservoir may be the Sinian or the Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation，which experienced thermal evolution and developed an ancient oil reservoir in the Early Yanshanian，then was transformed or destroyed in geological history.The ancient oil reservoir was buried and underwent the chemical and fluid modification in the Middle Yanshanian，where the crude oil (or dispersed organic matter) is cracked and generated natural gas.For the Himalayan tectonic movement，the natural gas was gathered in the structural-litho-traps.The Argon isotope characteristics of the Yuanba natural gas should be the mixture of the Argons，which came from the ancient oil cracking and the high-over maturity gas was generated in the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation.</p>

稀有气体因其在化学上活性弱、在自然界丰度低、成因均与特定的核过程相关而成为地质物体地质历程的重要示踪剂。中国科学院兰州地质研究所 (以下简称兰州地质所 )将稀有气体引入到天然气地球化学研究中,形成了一个具有特色的学科分支――稀有气体地球化学。尽管稀有气体与烃类气体具有不同的成因,但在特定条件下,结合研究区域的地质特征,稀有气体常可起到重要而特殊的作用。简要介绍了兰州地质所在稀有气体地球化学研究方面的有关成果和一些新的进展。利用 40 Ar/3 6Ar平均值将四川盆地古老的威远震旦系气藏 (4 0 Ar/3 6Ar平均值 70 0 9)和二叠系气藏 (4 0 Ar/3 6Ar平均值 1 0 1 7)很好地区别开来,并将威远构造威 7井二叠系气藏 (4 0 Ar/3 6Ar平均值 5 2 2 2 )气源确定为源于震旦系的气藏。根据 40 Ar/3 6Ar值将中原油田储层内同为第三系的煤型气 (4 0 Ar/3 6Ar平均值 1 1 2 5 )和油型气 (4 0 Ar/3 6Ar平均值 5 90 )很好地加以区分。此外 40 Ar/3 6Ar值对古潜山油藏的油源对比等也有很好的效果。

以四川盆地高石梯—磨溪大气田为例，对震旦系灯影组、寒武系龙王庙组天然气稀有气体进行全组分含量和同位素检测，并判别其成因。高石梯—磨溪大气田天然气中稀有气体He含量高于大气中He含量1～2个数量级，其中灯二段天然气中He平均含量为512×10-6，达到工业利用标准；而Ne、Ar、Kr、Xe含量相对较低，低于大气含量值。稀有气体全组分含量总体由震旦系灯二段、灯四段至寒武系龙王庙组逐渐降低。高石梯—磨溪大气田天然气中稀有气体3He/4He值总体为10-8量级，40Ar/36Ar值总体为1 024～9 559，132Xe相对过剩而129Xe相对亏损，表明He、Ar、Xe均为典型壳源成因，且气田深部没有活动性强的深大断裂和通幔断裂，构造活动较为稳定。图5表1参32

Taking the large Gaoshiti-Moxi gas field of Sichuan Basin as an example, the total composition contents and isotopes of noble gases in the natural gases from the Sinian Dengying Formation and Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation are analyzed, and then their geneses are identified. The content value of helium in the natural gases of the large Gaoshiti-Moxi gas field is generally 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that of air, and the average content in the second member of the Dengying Formation is 512×10-6, reaching the industrial utilization standard. The content values of Neon, Argon, Krypton and Xenon are relative low, lower than the corresponding content value in air. The total composition contents of noble gases in the natural gas of the large Gaoshiti-Moxi gas field gradually reduce in the sequence of the second member of Dengying Formation, the fourth memeber of Dengying Formation, and Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation. The noble gases 3He/4He value in the natural gases of the large Gaoshiti-Moxi gas field is in 10-8 order of magnitude, the 40Ar/36Ar value is usual from 1 024 to 9 559, 132Xe is relatively surplus and 129Xe is relatively loss. The comprehensive genetic identification of Helium, Argon, Xenon indicates that the noble gases in the large Gaoshiti-Moxi gas field are typical crustal source genesis, and the study area has stable tectonic background and does not have active deep fractures or mantle connecting fractures.