塔里木盆地勘探面积广阔、油气资源量大、探明程度较低，是"十四五"（2021—2025年）规划中国油气增储上产的最重要压舱石之一。塔里木盆地的勘探研究面临着诸多世界级难题，如古老海相烃源灶、超深规模储层、超深层油气赋存、超长油气藏演化等，这些因素严重制约了塔里木盆地的整体效益勘探。基于近两年的露头、钻井、地球物理、分析测试等资料，对塔里木盆地油气勘探新领域、新类型中成藏关键要素的耦合模式和资源潜力开展了系统分析。研究结果表明：塔里木盆地主要发育台盆区寒武系盐下、奥陶系、石炭系、前陆区古生界—新生界4套区域性储-盖组合及含油气系统，其中，库车坳陷白垩系亚格列木组、库车坳陷南斜坡迎烃面古生界潜山、库车坳陷北部构造带（迪北地区）侏罗系致密气断缝体、塔西南地区石炭系—二叠系、台盆区寒武系盐下台缘带及阿瓦提凹陷西缘寒武系、台盆区奥陶系断溶体是油气勘探最重要的新领域新类型。库车前陆区古生界潜山及中生界的近源油气资源量巨大，其中，温宿—佳木地区古潜山的石油资源量超过2×10⁸t、天然气资源量约为600×10⁸m³，白垩系亚格列木组的天然气资源量约为10 500×10⁸m³、石油资源量超过4 300×10⁴t，北部构造带侏罗系阿合组的天然气资源量近2.6×10¹²m³、石油资源量约为1.3×10⁸t。台盆区寒武系盐下台缘带的天然气资源量近1.8×10¹²m³；阿瓦提凹陷西缘的天然气资源量约为4 400×10⁸m³、石油资源量约为1.4×10⁸t；富满—顺北地区奥陶系断溶体的油气资源量近32×10⁸t油当量。新领域、新类型油气勘探突破带来的地质和资源潜力新认识可为后续持续高效的勘探奠定稳定基础。

Tarim Basin is characterized by vast exploration areas, large amount of oil-gas reserves, and relatively low degree of exploration. It plays a crucial role as one of the key drivers for China's domestic oil-gas reserves and production during the "14th Five-Year Plan". However, numerous world-class challenges are encountered in the exploration of Tarim Basin, such as ancient marine source rocks, ultra-deep reservoirs, the occurrence of hydrocarbons in ultra-deep reservoirs, as well as the long-term evolution of oil-gas reservoirs, which significantly limit the overall efficiency of exploration in Tarim Basin. Through an integrated approach that combines the data of outcrops, well drilling, geophysics, and testing over the past two years, this paper systematically analyzes the coupling model of key factors for the new types of hydrocarbon accumulation in new prospecting fields of Tarim Basin, as well as resource potential in the study area. The research indicates that Tarim Basin mainly developed four regional reservoir-cap combinations and hydrocarbon systems, including Cambrian pre-salt, Ordovician, and Carboniferous reservoirs in the platform area of basin, as well as the Paleozoic to Cenozoic reservoirs in the foreland area. The most important new areas and types are shown as below:the Lower Cretaceous Yageliemu Formation in Kuqa depression, the Paleozoic buried hills on the south slope of Kuqa depression, the Jurassic tight gas fault-fracture bodies in the northern tectonic belt (Dibei area) of Kuqa depression, the Carboniferous-Permian strata in the southwest Tarim Basin, the Lower Cambrian platform margin belt in platform area and the Cambrian in the west margin of Awati sag, as well as Ordovician fault-karst bodies in the platform area. The near-source oil-gas resources in the Paleozoic buried hills and the Mesozoic of Kuqa foreland basin have enormous potential. The amount of oil and gas resources can reach 2×10⁸t and 600× 10⁸m³ in the paleo buried hills of Wensu-Jiamu area, respectively. The amount of gas and oil resources in the Cretaceous Yageliemu Formation is about 10 500×10⁸m³ and 4 300×10⁴t, respectively. In the northern tectonic belt of Kuqa depression, the natural gas and oil resources of the Jurassic Ahe Formation possess 2.6×10¹²m³ and 1.3×10⁸t, respectively. The Lower Cambrian pre-salt platform margin belt in the platform area contains 1.78×10¹²m³ of natural gas. The gas and oil resources are 4 400×10⁸m³ and 1.4×10⁸t in the west margin of Awati sag, respectively. The Ordovician fault-karst bodies has around 32×10⁸t of oil equivalent in the Fuman-Shunbei area. The insights into geological and resource potential gained from breakthroughs in exploring new fields and types of oil-gas resources can lay a solid foundation for further efficient exploration in the future.

深入认识盆地的地质结构与构造演化,探讨盆地的油气分布规律,将为揭示中国大陆属性、资源能源分布、环境变化及油气勘探新领域奠立重要基础。本文立足于油气勘探的新资料,应用活动论构造历史观与比较大地构造学方法,分析了中国叠合沉积盆地的构造演化、构造分区、地质结构与油气成藏模式,探索油气分布规律。研究表明,中国叠合沉积盆地经历了中新元古代、寒武纪—泥盆纪(或中泥盆世)、(晚泥盆世—)石炭纪—三叠纪与侏罗纪—第四纪4个构造旋回的演化;据东西向两条构造锋线和南北(或北北东)向的两条改造锋线及西太平洋弧后盆地带,可将中国划分为北疆、内蒙古、松辽、塔里木—阿拉善、鄂尔多斯、渤海湾、青藏、四川、华南与海域等10个沉积盆地区;发育有前陆/克拉通、前陆/坳陷、坳陷/断陷、断陷/坳陷、反转断陷、被动陆缘、走滑叠合和改造残留等8种叠合盆地结构类型;发育安岳裂陷槽型、塔北型、苏里格复合三角洲型、玛湖凹陷型、陆梁隆起型、库车冲断带型、大庆长垣型、古潜山型、中央峡谷水道型、柴东生物气型、四川源内型与沁水向斜煤层气型等12种典型油气成模式;盆地内凹陷/断陷的油气分布具有空间有序性,叠合界面油气富集具优势性,油气叠合分布有强的非均一性,中西部前陆/克拉通叠合型盆地的油、气分区分布,海域被动陆缘/断陷叠合型盆地的油、气分带分布。中国多旋回叠合盆地具有独特的“三环带状”油气分布格局。

Understanding basin's geological structure and tectonic evolution and exploring its oil and gas distribution pattern is key to revealing the geological features of China, and the energy resources distributions, environmental changes, and potential hydrocarbon exploration targets in China. Based on the new data of recent petroleum exploration and using the methodology of comparative geo-tectonics, this paper studies the superimposed sedimentary basins in China from the view point of mobile geo-tectonic history, focusing specifically on the basin's tectonic evolution, tectonic subdivision, geologic framework, and pool-formation models, and explores the basin's oil and gas distribution patterns. According to our analysis, the superimposed sedimentary basins in China evolve through four tectonic cycles during the Meso- to Neo-Proterozoic, Cambrian-Devonian (or Middle Devonian), (Late Devonian-) Carboniferous-Triassic, and Jurassic-Quaternary Periods. The sedimentary basins in China can be subdivided into ten sedimentary basin areas: northern Xinjiang, inner Mongolian, Songliao, Tarim-Alax, Ordos, Bohai Bay, Qinghai-Tibet, Sichuan, southern China, and oceanic area. They can be further characterized by eight structural styles as foreland/cratonic-basin, foreland/sag, sag/faulted-depression, faulted-depression/sag, inverted faulted-depression, passive margin, or strike-slip superimposed basins, or as modified residual basins. Twelve types of hydrocarbon pool-formation are developed, which are represented by the Anyue rift trough, northern Tarim, Sulig composite delta, Mahu sag, Luliang uplift, Kuqa thrust belt, Daqing anticline, paleo-buried hill, central canyon channel, eastern Qaidam biogas, Sichuan intra-source rock, and Qinshui syncline coalbed gas. Within a sag/faulted-depression superimposed basin, oil and gas distributions are typically ordered spatially, with the interface area most favorable for hydrocarbon accumulation. However, oil and gas distribution patterns are highly heterogeneous across different structural styles. For example, in the foreland/cratonic-basin superimposed basins of central and western China, oil and gas distribute separately in isolation, whilst in the passive-margin/faulted-depression superimposed basins of the oceanic area, oil and gas zones distribute respectively along the inner and outer sedimentary belts. The multi-cycle superimposed basins in China generally have a distinctive ‘three ring-like’ oil and gas distribution pattern within each basin area.

Proto-type basin analysis is of great use to uncover the tectonics-lithofacies palaeogeography and restore the basin-mountain coupling process and is of great significance for the guiding of petroleum exploration. Based on the newest data of drillings,seismic profiles and outcrops,with the analysis of sedimentary facies and the combination of basins and orogenic belts,this paper reconstructed tectonic-depositional environment during the depositional period of Middle Ordovician Yijianfang Formation in Tarim Basin and analyzed the features and properties of the basin,by employing the method of “point → line → planar”. During the depositional period of Yijianfang Formation,the Bachu-Tazhong and Tangnan intra-platform uplifts were the denuded zones;low-energy micrite facies were developed in the Shunnan-Tanggubasi-Yudong intra-platform sag;carbonate shoals facies were widely distributed in the Tabei and Gucheng platforms;deep-water nodular limestone and black shale facies were developed in the Kalpin intra-platform basin;the Tadong deep water basin transformed from black shale facies to terrigenous clastic turbidite facies and open platform facies were developed in Kuruktag-Luoxi area. The tectonic-depositional pattern of the Tarim Basin had the interim transition feature from the platform-basin pattern of the Early Ordovician to the uplift-depression pattern of the Late Ordovician,behaving as the palaeogeography differentiation of the Taxi platform and the reversal of the sedimentary properties of the Tadong deep water basin. We suggested that the Tarim Basin had a composite property of intracratonic and craton-margin depressions during the depositional period of Yijianfang Formation,yet overlapped by the foreland basin(Tangnan forbulge and Shunnan-Tanggubasi-Yudong back-bulge)at the southern part of the Taxi intracratonic depression and the extension basin(Kalpin craton-margin extension basin)at the northwestern part of the Taxi intracratonic depression. The tectonic-depositional environment and proto-type basin during the depositional period of Middle Ordovician Yijianfang Formation in Tarim Basin was a response to peripheral tectonic movements.

奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩已成为塔里木盆地最重要的勘探开发层系,岩溶作用则是形成优质碳酸盐岩储集层的关键因素之一。针对塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩岩溶分类方案不统一、岩溶术语界定不清楚、生产应用难度大的现状,作者分析了奥陶系不同地区、不同层位、不同时期岩溶储集层特征及岩溶发育程度的差异性,依据岩溶成因及主控因素提出了塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶分类,划分出风化岩溶、礁滩体岩溶和埋藏岩溶3大类,其中风化岩溶又分为潜山岩溶和层间岩溶2个亚类。研究指出礁滩体岩溶、层间岩溶、潜山岩溶是塔里木盆地的重要勘探岩溶类型,并以构造运动为主线将奥陶系岩溶划分为5期,开展了不同类型岩溶特征及分布规律研究,指出了3种重要类型岩溶的勘探思路。此次研究统一了塔里木盆地奥陶系岩溶分类及期次,对勘探开发生产和研究工作具有较强的指导性,具有重要的理论指导及实践应用意义。

The marine carbonate rocks of the Ordovician has become one of the most important exploration and development targets in Tarim Basin, while karstification is one of the key factors to form the high-quality carbonate reservoirs. The carbonate karstic classification scheme is not unified in the Tarim Basin and the karstic terminology is not clearly defined, so the present usage on the production is of great difficulty. The karst reservoir characteristics and distribution varies in different areas,formations and periods,which are analyzed in this paper. Classification on carbonate karst of the Ordovician in Tarim Basin was worked out according to its origin and main controlling factors. The carbonate karst can be classified into 3 types,namely the weathering karst,reef body karst and buried karst. The weathering karst can be divided into 2 sub-types,<i>i.e.,</i> the buried-hill karst and the interlayered karst. The reef body karst,interlayered karst and buried-hill karst are the most important exploration targets in Tarim Basin. Moreover,the karst forming-period in the Ordovician can be classified into 5 periods which is based mainly on the tectonic movement. Study on different types of karstic features and distribution is carried out and the exploration thought for the three important karsts is proposed. Summarily, this study unified the karstic classification and periods, which can guide the petroleum exploration and development, as well as further research work. It has crucial theoretical guidance and practical application.

哈拉哈塘地区奥陶系是塔里木盆地超深层海相碳酸盐岩石油增储上产的重要领域，但内部断裂发育、油气分布极为复杂，仅在局部区块形成高产稳产井组，开展油气富集模式及其主控因素的研究对于该区油藏高效开发具有重要意义。综合钻井、岩心、岩石薄片、生产实践等资料和走滑断裂构造分析、岩溶储层分析，探讨了哈拉哈塘地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩走滑断裂对储层发育和油气成藏的控制作用。哈拉哈塘地区奥陶系发育NE向和NW向"X"型共轭走滑断裂，其中，NE向走滑断裂在海西晚期、燕山期—喜马拉雅早期继承性活动，分段性强，有利于多期油气运聚。奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝洞体储层是主要储层类型，发育断控、断裂-岩溶共控、岩溶作用控制形成的3类缝洞体储层，在断裂与岩溶作用叠加部位最为发育。受控于断裂的方位、期次与分段性，哈拉哈塘地区奥陶系油藏主要沿NE向走滑断裂带的局部区段分布，发育断裂-潜山型、断裂-岩溶共控型和断控型3类富油模式。基于断控油藏富油模式，2020年以来新钻井的效益井比例明显提高，勘探效率明显提升。研究认识揭示了超深层致密碳酸盐岩走滑断裂带发育规模成藏、差异富集机理，可以为超深层断控复杂油藏的高效开发提供参考和新思路。

The Ordovician reservoirs in Halahatang area are an important field for increasing oil reserve and production of ultra-deep marine carbonate rocks in Tarim Basin. However, the internal fractures are developed, the distribution of oil and gas is extremely complex, and well groups with high yield and stable production are formed only in local areas. Therefore, the study of oil and gas enrichment patterns and their main controlling factors is of great significance for the efficient development of oil reservoirs in this area. Based on the data of drilling, core, rock thin sections and production practices as well as the analysis of strike-slip fault structures and karst reservoirs, the paper explores the control effect of Ordovician carbonate strike-slip faults on reservoir development and hydrocarbon accumulation in Halahatang area. The Ordovician reservoirs in Halahatang area develops X-type conjugate strike-slip faults in NE and NW directions, and the strike-slip faults in NE direction had succeeding fault activity in the Late Hercynian, Yanshan and Early Himalayan periods, characterized by strong segmentation, which is conducive to multi-phase oil and gas migration and accumulation. The study area is dominated by the Ordovician carbonate fractured cave reservoirs, and there are three types of fractured cave reservoirs developed under the control of fault or karst, and the co-control of fault and karst, which are most developed in the area under the superimposed effect of faults and karst. Restricted by the orientation, stage and segmentation of faults, the Ordovician oil reservoirs in Halahatang area are mainly distributed in the local areas of strike-slip fault zone in NE direction, and there are three types of oil enrichment models, i.e., fault-buried hill type, fault-karst co-controlling type and fault controlling type. Based on the fault-controlled oil reservoir enrichment pattern, the proportion of newly drilled profitable wells has significantly increased since 2020, and the exploration efficiency has been significantly improved. In conclusion, the research reveals the large-scale hydrocarbon accumulation and differential enrichment mechanism in ultra-deep dense carbonate rock strike-slip fault zones, which can provide a reference and also new ideas for the efficient development of complex reservoirs controlled by ultra-deep faults.

位于塔里木盆地北部坳陷的满深1 井在奥陶系一间房组获得重大突破。通过对满深1 井成藏条件、油藏 特征及富集规律的深入研究，总结了塔里木盆地北部坳陷断控岩溶区高产井油气成藏模式和富集规律。塔里木盆地海相 碳酸盐岩主要发育潜山岩溶、层间岩溶、礁滩岩溶和断控岩溶4 种不同的岩溶类型，满深1 井钻遇断控岩溶；满深1 井 是迄今为止断控岩溶油气藏埋藏最深、单井产量最高的发现井，在埋深7535m 的奥陶系一间房组测试折日产油624m3， 折日产气37.13&times;104m3；建立了断控岩溶油气藏3 种富集模式，即线性走滑上倾高部位、张扭侧向高部位、压扭局部高 部位。满深1 井的成功钻探，是以断裂为核心的碳酸盐岩断控岩溶油气藏勘探思路的成功实践，实现了塔北隆起与塔中 凸起之间的鞍部油气勘探的突破，对整个塔里木盆地深层&mdash;超深层油气勘探具有重大意义。

Well Manshen 1, located in the Northern depression of the Tarim Basin, has achieved a great breakthrough in the Ordovician Yijianfang Formation. Based on in-depth studies of hydrocarbon accumulation conditions, reservoir characteristics, and enrichment patterns of the well, the hydrocarbon accumulation model and enrichment patterns of high-production wells in fault-controlled karst areas in the Northern depression of the Tarim Basin have been summarized. There are four types of marine carbonate rocks in the Tarim Basin: buried hill karst, interlayer karst, reef-shoal karst and fault-controlled karst. Well Manshen 1 penetrated fault-controlled karst. Well Manshen 1 is a discovery well of fault-controlled karst reservoir with the deepest burial depth and the highest single well production so far. In the Yijianfang Formation of the Ordovician, with a buried depth of 7535 m, tested oil production is 624 m3/d and gas production is 37.13&times;104 m3/d. Three enrichment patterns of fault-controlled karst reservoirs are established: linear strike-slip up-dip high position, transtensional lateral high position, and compressive-shear local high position. The discovery of Well Manshen 1 is a successful practical application of the exploration idea of fault-controlled karst carbonate reservoirs with faults as the core. It has achieved a breakthrough in oil and gas discovery in the saddle position between the Tabei uplift and the Tazhong bulge, which is of great significance for deep and ultra-deep oil and gas exploration in the Tarim Basin as a whole.

顺北地区区域断裂体系具有“东西分区”的特点，作为东西部断裂体系之间起转换作用的顺北1号、顺北5号断裂带，北东向顺北1号断裂带平面以拉分段、平移段为主，单井控制规模大；北西向顺北5号断裂带为南北对接形成，其中北段北西向断裂带平面以挤压为主，单井控制规模相对较小。通过对北东向断裂体系顺北4号、顺北8号、顺北12号断裂带解析，认为其平面具有典型“三段式”分段特征，断裂活动强度大，储集体整体规模可能较大，同时其走向与现今区域主应力方向一致，其分段内部储集体连通性好，且东部发育盆地—中外缓坡相原地优质烃源岩，相比北西向断裂体系，其成储与成藏条件更为优越。基于上述认识优选部署顺北42X井、顺北41X井、顺北8X井，测试均获千吨（油当量）高产油气流，新发现一个4～5亿吨级（油当量）资源阵地，进一步证实北东向走滑断裂体系储集体规模大，成藏条件优越，走滑断裂带具有“控储、控圈、控运、控藏、控富”五位一体特征，对中国海相碳酸盐岩走滑断裂带评价具有借鉴意义。

The fault system in Shunbei area has characteristics of “zonation between the east and west” bounded by Shunbei No.1<br>and No.5 faults, which play a transformation role between the east and west fault systems. On the plane, the NE trending Shunbei<br>No.1 fault is mainly composed of pull apart segment and translation segment, where the single well controls large area of oil reservoir,while the NW trending Shunbei No.5 fault is jointly formed by north and south segments. The north segment is dominated by compression stress with relatively small-scale oil reservoir controlled by single well. The seismic interpretation of No.4, No.8 and No.12 faults indicates that the NE fault system has a typical “three-segment” feature on the plane, with intensive fault activities and similar strike with the current regional principal stress. The overall reservoir scale is large and reservoir connectivity is good in each segment. In addition, high-quality source rocks of basin-middle and outer gentle slope facies were developed in the eastern Shunbei area. As a whole, the reservoir development and hydrocarbon accumulation conditions are superior than those of the NW fault system. Based on the above understandings, Wells Shunbei 42X, Shunbei 41X and Shunbei 8X were drilled, and high oil and gas flow rates of 1000 tons of oil equivalent obtained during well testing, indicating a new resource position of (400-500)-million-ton-level oil equivalent, which further proved that the NE strike-slip fault system has large reservoir scale, superior hydrocarbon accumulation conditions, and the characteristics of five-in-one “strike-slip fault system controlling the reservoir,trap, hydrocarbon migration, accumulation and enrichment”. The result can be used for reference to evaluate the strike slip fault of marine carbonate rocks in China.<br>

塔里木盆地超深层海相碳酸盐岩油气资源丰富，已发现中国最大的风化壳型油田和最大的凝析气田，但勘探开发长期局限在古隆起及斜坡部位。近年来，随着勘探上突破"古隆起控油、斜坡富集"的传统理论认识以及地震、钻井与开发配套技术进步，在坳陷区发现了超深层（大于7 500 m）走滑断裂断控型油田——富满油田。富满油田的勘探开发实践与研究表明：（1）走滑断裂的发育不仅沟通了深层下寒武统烃源岩，而且控制了中奥陶统碳酸盐岩缝洞体储层的发育，并与上奥陶统巨厚泥岩构成了优越的走滑断裂断控型油气成藏体系；（2）油气沿走滑断裂破碎带呈条带状差异分布，具有圈闭类型特殊、油柱高度大、油品性质好、单井产量高等特点；（3）发现三级石油地质储量达4&#215;10⁸t，石油资源量达10&#215;10⁸t，开发高效井多，快速建成了原油产量达160&#215;10⁴t/a的产能。通过持续攻关，逐步形成了沙漠区超深层高密度宽方位三维地震采集、弱走滑断裂刻画、碳酸盐岩破碎带圈闭评价、高效井位部署、超深层钻完井等配套技术，支撑了超深层复杂断控型碳酸盐岩油藏的规模与效益勘探开发。

Tarim Basin has enriched oil and gas resources in ultra-deep marine carbonate rocks, where China's largest weathering crust-type oil reservoir and largest condensate gas reservoir have been discovered. However, the oil and gas exploration and development have been conducted only in palaeohighs and slopes for a long time. In recent years, with breakthroughs in the traditional theoretical understanding of "oil accumulation controlled by palaeohighs and enrichment in slopes" and advances in the supporting technologies of seismic exploration, drilling and development, Fuman oilfield, the ultra-deep (over 7 500 m) strike-slip fault-controlling oilfield, has been discovered in the depression area. Exploration and development practice and studies of the Fuman oilfield show the following results. First, the developed strike-slip faults not only cut through the deep Lower Cambrian source rocks, but also control the development of Middle Ordovician carbonate cavity-fracture reservoirs, and constitute a superior petroleum accumulation system under the control of strike-slip faults together with the huge thick Upper Ordovician mudstone. Second, the oil and gas show a stripe-shaped differential distribution along the strike-slip fractured zone, characterized by special trap type, large oil column height, good oil property, and high single-well production. Third, the predicted geological reserves of oil are up to 4&#215;10⁸t, the amount of oil resources is 10&#215;10⁸t, and there are many efficient development wells. The oil productivity of 160&#215;10⁴t/a has been rapidly achieved. Through continuous research, the supporting technologies such as ultra-deep, high-density and wide-azimuth 3D seismic acquisition, characterization of weak strike-slip faults, evaluation of traps in carbonate fractured zone, efficient well location deployment, ultra-deep drilling and completions have been gradually established in the desert area, providing supports for the large-scale and efficient exploration and development of the ultra-deep complex fault-controlling carbonate reservoirs.

近年来，塔里木盆地超深层碳酸盐岩油气勘探获得了突破，在顺北地区多条走滑断裂中均获得了油气发现。通过地震剖面解释，以顺北5号走滑断裂带南段为例，分析了走滑断裂带的通源性、输导作用和储集改造性，并探讨了其控藏作用。研究结果表明：①塔里木盆地顺北地区走滑断裂带在超深层碳酸盐岩油气成藏过程中具有通源性、输导作用和储集改造作用。综合多因素建立半定量评价标准，将通源性划分为强通源、中通源和弱通源3类。②顺北地区发育阿瓦塔格组和吾松格尔组2套膏盐岩地层，影响了油气的跨层输导。膏盐层可划分为逃逸减薄型、破碎隆升型和隆升增厚型3种类型，走滑断裂发育处膏岩层厚度变小，断层活动时，油气易突破膏盐层的封堵而向上运移；受挤压应力影响，膏盐层易发育分支断层，与直立主走滑断层相交，造成地层破碎，油气可通过小型分支断层及破碎的地层向膏岩层上部地层充注，从而进行油气输导。③顺北地区深层碳酸盐岩储集空间主要为洞穴、孔洞和裂缝，地震上具有断裂+“串珠反射”、断裂+“杂乱反射”和断裂+“弱反射”特征，储集体主要为构造应力形成的地层破碎带，后期叠加了深部热液流体的改造作用。裂缝可划分为高角度缝、斜交缝、不规则裂缝及诱导缝等。④顺北地区可划分为“强通源-强输导-优储集-优富集”、“强通源-弱输导-优储集-中富集”和“弱通源-弱输导-差储集-差富集”3种油气富集模式。

近年来，塔里木盆地顺托果勒低隆起发现了10亿吨级的新类型油藏&mdash;&mdash;顺北超深断溶体油藏。通过深化顺北地区油气成藏地质条件认识，突破了构造低部位岩溶储层欠发育的限制，提出走滑断裂带构造破裂作用为主的叠加后期埋藏流体改造也可形成规模储层。走滑断裂带多期活动对储层改造、圈闭形成和油气运聚具有重要的控制作用，建立了顺北超深断溶体油气藏&ldquo;寒武纪多期供烃、深埋断溶成储、原地垂向输导、晚期成藏为主、走滑断裂控富&rdquo;成藏模式，初步提出了顺北断溶体油藏富集的主控因素。顺北超深断溶体油藏作为一种新类型油藏，丰富了海相碳酸盐岩油气成藏理论，展现了超深层海相碳酸盐岩巨大的勘探潜力，是盆地未来油气增储的重点领域。

In recent years, a new type of oil reservoir, with reserves of 1 billion tons, has been discovered in the low uplift of Shuntuoguole in the Tarim Basin - ultra-deep fault-karst oil reservoir in the Shunbei area. By deepening understanding of the geological conditions for oil and gas accumulation in the Shunbei area, the constraint on development represented by the fact that karst reservoirs had not been developed in the lower structure positions has been broken. It is also proposed that large-scale reservoirs can be formed by later superimposed buried fluid reformation, mainly due to structure fracturing of strike slip fault zones. The multi-stage activities of strike slip fault zones play an important role in controlling reservoir reformation, trap formation and hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. The hydrocarbon accumulation mode of &quot;multi-stage hydrocarbon supply in Cambrian, deep buried fault-karst reservoir, in-situ vertical migration, mainly late stage accumulation, strike slip faults controlling enrichment&quot; has been established for ultra-deep fault-karst reservoir in the Shunbei area. The main controlling factors of enrichment of the fault-karst reservoir have been presented. As a new type of reservoir, ultra-deep fault-karst reservoir has extended the theory of hydrocarbon accumulation in marine carbonates, confirms the great exploration potential of ultra-deep marine carbonate formations, and is the key field for reserves increase in the future.

基于构造、断裂演化、岩心、测井、地震、钻录井、生产动态等资料分析,对塔里木盆地哈拉哈塘油田塔河南岸地区跃满区块奥陶系断溶体油气藏的储集空间特征、展布形态、成因进行系统研究,并结合开发实践,对断溶体油气藏的成藏与油气富集进行系统分析。研究结果表明,断溶体油气藏以"体"的形式呈不连续、非均质、不规则性分布,其形成主要受控于断裂的发育程度,建立沿主干深大通源断裂溶蚀、沿次级通源断裂溶蚀和沿次级内幕断裂溶蚀3种断溶体油气藏形成模式;断溶体油气富集受控于成藏期与断裂活动时空上的匹配关系、断裂的级别和断裂的分段性质。研究结果可有效指导哈拉哈塘油田塔河南岸地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩井位部署,实现断溶体油气藏高效开发。图9表2参25

In January 2020, light crude oil was obtained from Lower Cambrian dolomite with burial depth deeper than 8200 m in Well Luntan-1, which is located in the Lunnan low bulge in the Tabei uplift. The result indicated a major breakthrough in ultradeep oil and gas exploration in the old craton of Tarim. This paper describes the process of discovering Well Luntan-1 and analyzes the discovery history of the ultra-deep Cambrian subsalt oil reservoirs, with the intention of providing reference for the exploration of new zones, new strata and new types in other similar areas. According to drilling results from Well Luntan-1, a set of high-quality source rocks is developed in the Cambrian Yuertusi Formation, and there are 2 sets of reservoir-cap assemblage. One is evaporite gypsum cap rocks in the Awatage Formation and dolomite reservoir in the Shayilike &ndash; Wusonggeer Formations. The other is mudstone cap rocks in the Yuertusi Formation and dolomite weathering crust reservoir in the Sinian Qigebulake Formation. The production layer in Well Luntan-1 is the Wusonggeer Formation, which is a volatile-oil reservoir with normal temperature and pressure gradients. In addition, trace natural gas was obtained from the weathering crust of the Sinian Qigebulake Formation. Exploration of the platform-basin transitional area in the Tarim Basin has experienced 2 strategic shifts: from clastic rocks to carbonate rocks, and from carbonate rocks to pre-salt dolomite. Well Luntan-1 is an important symbol of the second strategic shift, which is of milestone significance. The favorable accumulation conditions of Well Luntan-1 are the successive development of stable paleo- uplift and the high-quality source-reservoir-cap assemblages. Through analogy, this paper analyzes the exploration prospects for the Cambrian pre-salt dolomite in the Tarim Basin, and points out that favorable areas, such as the Tazhong-Gucheng area, the south slope of the Tabei area, and the northern Maigaiti slope-Keping area, are the key areas for the next steps in exploration.

Based on strategic and prospective exploration frontiers and targets, CNPC has established special investments and implemented ventureexploration since 2005. After five years of discovery and practice, CNPC has made remarkable discoveries and breakthroughs in venture exploration foroil and gas in new areas and new frontiers, expanding the frontier of oil and gas exploration, deepening geologic understandings, and promotingtechnological progress. Meanwhile, CNPC has developed a series of effective and scientific organization and management systems and a number ofeffective methods in practice. CNPC's venture exploration in the past five years has played an important role in advancing its sustainable and effectivedevelopment in domestic oil and gas exploration and maximizing oil and gas reserves.

以岩心薄片、实验分析数据、钻录井、测井、地震等资料为基础，按照储层成因机理对塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶储层进行了分类，并对各类储层的分布、储集空间类型及主控因素进行了系统分析。研究结果表明： ①塔里木盆地奥陶系缝洞型岩溶储层按成因可划分为5类，分别为（准）同生岩溶储层、层间岩溶储层、顺层岩溶储层、潜山（风化壳）岩溶储层和受断裂控制岩溶储层。② （准）同生岩溶储层分布于台缘或台内礁滩相，有效储层在台缘连片发育，在台内零星分布，由颗粒灰岩因海平面下降而短期暴露淋溶形成，基质孔和溶缝、溶洞均发育，通常叠加后期层间岩溶作用或潜山岩溶作用，从而形成复合型岩溶储层。③层间岩溶储层发育于内幕区，与碳酸盐岩层系内部中短期的平行或微角度不整合面相关，呈准层状分布，储集空间以洞穴型为主，裂缝-孔洞型和孔洞型次之。④顺层岩溶储层与潜山周缘的斜坡背景、先存孔隙和裂缝有关，环潜山周缘呈环带状分布，以洞穴型和裂缝-孔洞型为主，90%以上的溶蚀孔洞及洞穴通过断裂及裂缝相连通。⑤潜山（风化壳）岩溶储层发育于潜山区，与中长期的角度不整合面相关，受断裂和裂缝影响大，准层状分布，峰丘地貌特征明显，根据围岩岩性分为灰岩潜山岩溶储层和白云岩风化壳岩溶储层，灰岩缝洞系统发育、基质孔不发育，白云岩缝洞欠发育，以白云岩晶间溶孔、裂缝为主。⑥受断裂控制岩溶储层主要发育于内幕断裂发育区，缝洞发育埋深大、规模大、跨度长，沿断裂呈栅状分布，以裂缝-孔洞型为主，断裂-洞穴型次之，断裂和裂缝越发育，溶蚀孔洞和洞穴也越发育，单井试油产能更高更稳定。⑦研究区岩溶储层在内幕区大量发育，主要为顺层岩溶储层和受断裂控制岩溶储层，勘探潜力大。

Based on core thin section, experimental analysis, drilling, logging and seismic data, the Ordovician carbonate karst reservoirs in Tarim Basin were classified according to the reservoir genetic mechanism, and the distribution, space types and main control factors of various reservoirs were analyzed. The results show that:(1) The Ordovician fracture-vuggy karst reservoirs in Tarim Basin can be divided into five types according to their genesis:(quasi-) syngenetic karst reservoirs, interlayer karst reservoirs, bedding karst reservoirs, buried hill(weathering crust) karst reservoirs and fault-controlled karst reservoirs.(2) (Quasi-) syngenetic karst reservoirs, also known as reef-shoal karst reservoirs, are the reservoir formed by short-term(transient) exposure and leaching of reefshoal facies granular limestone at the platform edge or within the platform due to sea level drop, with matrix pores, dissolved fractures and dissolved caves being developed. They are usually superimposed with later interlayer karst or buried hill karst to form complex karst reservoirs.(3) The interlayer karst reservoirs are developed in the inner zone, and they are related to the parallel(micro-angle) unconformity surface in the carbonate strata and distributed quasi-stratified. The reservoir space is mainly cave type, followed by fracture-vuggy type and vuggy type.(4) The bedding karst reservoirs are related to the slope background, pre-existing pores and fractures around the buried hill, and the surrounding of the buried hill is distributed in a ring band, dominated by vuggy type and fracture-vuggy type, and more than 90% of the dissolved pores and caves are connected through faults and fractures.(5) The buried hill(weathering crust) karst reservoirs are developed in buried hill area. They are related to medium to long-term angle unconformity and greatly affected by faults and fractures. They are quasi-stratified and have obvious characteristics of peak and hill geomorphology. According to the lithology of the surrounding rocks, they can be divided into limestone buried hill karst reservoirs and dolomite weathering crust karst reservoirs. The limestone fracture-vuggy system is developed, the matrix pores are not developed, and the dolomite fracture-vuggy is underdeveloped, mainly consisting of dolomite intercrystalline dissolved pores and fractures.(6) Controlled by faults, karst reservoirs are mainly developed in the fault development area of inner zone. The fractures and vuggy are developed with large burial depth, large scale and long span, and they are distributed in a grid-shape along the faults, dominated by fracture-vuggy type, followed by fault-cave type. The more developed the faults and fractures are, the more developed the dissolved vuggy and caves are, and the higher and more stable the single well oil testing productivity is.(7) Karst reservoirs in the study area are largely developed in the interior area, mainly bedding karst reservoirs and karst reservoirs controlled by faults, with great exploration potential.

四川盆地中北部(川中北)地区下二叠统茅口组广泛发育高能颗粒滩相白云岩储层,区域内角探1井茅口组的气测产量达112.8×10⁴m³/d,展现出较大的油气勘探潜力。以川中北地区具有代表性的角探1井区为例,基于茅口组储层的地质特征、测井响应和地震反射分析认为,储层预测存在2大难点:滩相白云岩沉积的非均质性强,沉积边界难以预测;储层与围岩物性差异小,导致储层响应特征不明显且受茅口组顶界地震反射影响。提出了一套适用于川中北地区茅口组复杂滩相白云岩储层的地震预测技术:首先进行古地貌恢复,确定滩相沉积相带;然后在有利相带内,基于正演模拟明确滩相白云岩地震响应,并结合去强轴方法进行地震波形、振幅属性分析,确定滩相白云岩发育区;再以白云岩发育区作为相控条件,进行叠前反演,刻画储层平面分布;最后结合茅口组断裂发育特征,进行储层综合评价。该技术包含3项主要的方法和认识:①采用基于频谱分解的相位重构方法来准确识别茅口组内的弱反射岩性界面,以提高古地貌恢复精度;②提出了波形结构可以反映茅口组滩相白云岩发育情况的认识,采用波谷数属性表征其平面分布;③采用优化的匹配追踪去强轴方法,准确去除茅口组顶界地震波强轴对储层响应的屏蔽作用。基于该技术研究成果部署的2口井的测试产气量均大于100×10⁴m³/d,且预测储层厚度与测井解释误差小于5 m,有效解决了川中北地区茅口组复杂滩相白云岩储层地震预测的难点。

The high-energy granular beach facies dolomite reservoirs are widely developed in Lower Permian Maokou Formation in central and northern Sichuan Basin. In this region, the gas production detected in Maokou Formation of Well Jiaotan1 can reach 112.8×10⁴m³/d, demonstrating significant potential for oil-gas exploration. This paper is a case study of the representative Jiaotan1 well area in central and northern Sichuan Basin. Based on the geological characteristics, well log response, and seismic reflection analysis of Maokou Formation reservoir, it is believed that there are 2 major difficulties in reservoir prediction. Firstly, the heterogeneity of beach facies dolomite sedimentation is strong, and it is difficult to predict the sedimentary boundaries; secondly, there is small difference in physical properties between the reservoirs and wall rocks, as a result of which the response characteristics of the reservoir are not obvious and it is still influenced by the seismic reflection of Maokou Formation top interface. Therefore, the paper proposes a set of seismic prediction techniques suitable for complex beach facies dolomite reservoirs of Maokou Formation in central and northern Sichuan Basin. Initially, efforts are made to restore the ancient landforms and determine the sedimentary zones of beach facies. Then, within the favorable facies zone, the seismic response of beach facies dolomite is clarified based on forward simulation, and further the seismic waveform and amplitude attributes are analyzed using the strong seismic event removal methods, thus determining the development area of beach facies dolomite. Additionally, using the development zone of dolomite as the facies control condition, prestack inversion is carried out to characterize the planar distribution of the reservoir. Finally, based on the development characteristics of faults in Maokou Formation, a comprehensive evaluation is performed on the reservoir. This technology includes 3 main methods and relevant understandings as below. (1)A phase reconstruction method based on spectral decomposition is adopted to accurately identify the weak reflection lithological interfaces in Maokou Formation and improve the accuracy of paleogeomorphic restoration. (2)The recognition that waveform structure can reflect the development of beach facies dolomite in Maokou Formation is proposed, and its planar distribution is characterized using the attributes of wave trough number. (3)An optimized matching tracking method will be used to accurately remove the shielding effect of strong seismic event at Maokou Formation top interface on reservoir response. Based on the research results of this technology, the tested gas production of two wells is greater than 100×10⁴m³/d, and the predicted reservoir thickness and logging interpretation error are less than 5 m, effectively solving the difficulty of predicting complex beach facies dolomite reservoirs of Maokou Formation in central and northern Sichuan Basin.