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“十四五”期间全球海相油气勘探进展与启示
Progress and implications of global marine oil and gas exploration since 2021
“十四五”期间全球发现油气可采储量93.5×108 TOE，其中78.2%来自海相沉积储层，可采储量大于5×108 BOE的海相大油气田20个。与前期以浅海相碳酸盐岩储层储量贡献为主明显不同，“十四五”期间海相油气发现有4个方面的特点：盆地原型以被动陆缘为主，控制储量占比56.0%；海相碎屑岩储层控制储量最多（占比62.0%），其中深水重力流成因砂岩储层占八成以上；以深水重力流相关的岩性圈闭、地层圈闭控制储量最多（占比39.2%），其次为构造圈闭（占比33.3%）；海相碎屑岩储层物性好，碳酸盐岩储层非均质性强。通过解剖西南非深水重力流砂岩、桑托斯盆地局限海相碳酸盐岩、中东致密灰岩、中大西洋生物礁滩等4种不同类型典型海相大油气藏的特点及勘探发现过程，指出海相油气勘探未来应重点关注三大领域：一是深水重力流砂岩，包括南美东南部海域、南美东北部海域、西北非海域、几内亚湾、西南非海域、莫桑比克海域、索马里海域和孟加拉湾等8大盆地群；二是浅海礁滩相碳酸盐岩，包括东南亚南海周缘和东爪哇、加勒比海南部孤立火山岛礁建造等；三是中东地区的致密灰岩和海相砂岩储层，以阿拉伯和扎格罗斯盆地白垩系、侏罗系为主。
Since 2021, 9.35 billion TOE of recoverable oil and gas reserves have been discovered worldwide, with 78.2% coming from marine sedimentary reservoirs, and there are 20 large marine oil and gas fields with recoverable reserves exceeding 5×108 BOE, mainly consisting of deep-water gravity flow sandstone reservoirs, followed by carbonate rock reservoirs. Unlike the previous period when shallow marine carbonate reservoirs mainly contributed to reserves, four typical characteristics define these marine oil and gas exploration discoveries: (1) the basin types where marine oil and gas reservoirs have been discovered are primarily passive continental margins, accounting for 56.0% of reserves; (2) marine clastic rock reservoirs hold the largest controlled reserves (62.0%), with deep-water gravity flow sandstone reservoirs accounting for over 80%; (3) lithological and stratigraphic traps related to deep-water gravity flow control the largest share of reserves at 39.2%, followed by structural traps at 33.3%; and (4) marine clastic reservoirs exhibit favorable porosity and permeability, whereas carbonate reservoirs display strong heterogeneity. By analyzing the characteristics and exploration processes of four typical types of large marine oil and gas reservoirs, including deep-water gravity flow sandstones in Southwest Africa, restricted marine carbonate rocks in the Santos Basin, tight limestones in the Middle East, and biogenic reef-shoal in the Mid-Atlantic, it is emphasized that future marine oil and gas exploration should focus on three major areas: (1) deep-water gravity flow sandstone, with emphasis on eight basin groups locating offshore Southeast and Northeast South America, Northwest Africa, the Gulf of Guinea, Southwest Africa, Mozambique, Somalia, and the Bay of Bengal; (2) shallow marine reef-shoal carbonate rocks, including constructions such as those around the South China Sea rim and East Java in Southeast Asia, as well as isolated volcanic island reefs in the southern Caribbean Sea; (3) tight limestone and marine sandstone reservoirs in the Middle East, primarily within the Cretaceous and Jurassic formations of the Arabian and Zagros basins.
海相 / 深水 / 重力流砂岩 / 碳酸盐岩 / 生物礁滩 / 勘探领域
marine / deep-water / gravity flow sandstone / carbonate rock / reef-shoal / exploration field
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过去10年，全球油气勘探经历了油价两次断崖式下跌和“碳中和”的双重考验，勘探投资不断降低；同时随着深水油气地质理论和勘探技术的持续进步，勘探效率大幅提升。在此基础上，全球油气勘探呈现出5个显著特点：（1）油气发现个数持续减少，但平均规模不断增加；（2）天然气新发现持续维持在六成以上的较高水平，成为重要的储量增长点；（3）深水/超深水成为最为重要的增储阵地，不断揭示多个勘探新领域；（4）新发现由中浅层逐渐向深层/超深层转移，海域、陆域均有新突破；（5）巨型油气田发现维持在相对较高水平。58%的油气勘探新发现来自前沿和新兴领域的风险勘探，42%的新增储量来自成熟盆地的滚动勘探。全球油气勘探程度仍处于中低水平，未来勘探潜力可期；前沿领域是勘探的重点，应超前布局；深水、深层、天然气领域是未来的重要发展方向。同时指出俄罗斯北极、索马里海域、加勒比海周缘等十大领域值得重点关注。
In the past 10 years, global oil and gas exploration experienced the double test of twice sharp falls of oil prices and “carbon neutralization”, and the exploration investment was continuously reduced; Meanwhile, the continuous development of oil and gas geological theory and exploration technology resulted in the great improvement of exploration efficiency. As a whole, global oil and gas exploration shows five remarkable characteristics: (1) The number of oil and gas discoveries has been decreasing, but the average size continuously been increasing; (2) The new discovery of natural gas has been maintained at a high level of more than 60%, growing to be a major direction of reserve growth; (3) Deep water/ultra-deep water has become the most important areas for increasing reserves, and multiple new exploration areas have been identified; (4) The new discoveries have gradually shifted from the middle-shallow formation to the deep/ultra-deep formation, and new breakthroughs have been made in the offshore area and onshore area; (5) The discoveries of giant oil and gas fields have remained at a relatively high level. The new discoveries from venture exploration in frontier areas contribute 58% of the total oil and gas discoveries, and the new reserves from rolling exploration in mature basins contribute 42% of the total reserve volume. The maturity of global oil and gas exploration is still at a medium-low level, and the exploration potential is great in the future; The frontier region is the main areas for oil and gas exploration, which should be deployed in advanced; Deep water, deep formation and natural gas areas are important exploration orientations in the future. Furthermore, it is suggested that 10 areas deserve special attention, such as the Russian Arctic, Somali offshore areas and the periphery of the Caribbean Sea.
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利用标普全球、睿咨得等商业数据及各油公司的公开信息，对全球深水油气勘探趋势、深水油气发现特点、七大国际油公司深水油气勘探业务布局进行系统分析。结果表明：深水领域是当前全球油气勘探发现最重要的领域，被动大陆边缘盆地深水大发现油气田个数及储量均最多，深水油气大发现对海域新发现油气总储量的贡献最大。岩性油气藏发现越来越多，且油气发现主要分布于中—新生界；七大国际油公司广泛活跃在深水油气勘探和开发各个环节，并发挥着全球引领作用。结合多年对全球油气地质与资源评价形成的理论认识，提出未来有利的深水勘探领域主要集中在大西洋两岸、印度洋周缘、北冰洋周缘等3大领域。提出了开拓海外深水油气勘探业务的6点建议：拓宽多用户地震资料获取渠道，提高深水勘探科学选区水平；加大重点领域深水勘探项目获取力度；灵活进退勘探区块；以大权益获取区块，采用“双勘探模式”经营；加强与深水技术领先国际油公司的合作；提升商务运作能力，逐步实现“非作业者”向“作业者”转变。
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针对桑托斯被动陆缘盆地深水盐下碳酸盐岩储层分布特征及大油田成藏规律不清的难题，综合利用地质、地震及岩心等数据资料，通过早白垩世原型盆地与岩相古地理恢复重建，提出盐下碳酸盐岩沉积建造受控于坳间断隆型和坳中断凸型两类孤立台地。坳间断隆型孤立台地分布于现今盐下坳间隆起带上，建造于早期陆内和陆间裂谷两个原型阶段继承性发育的单断式和双断式垒式断块上，早白垩世陆内裂谷晚期沉积的ITP组介壳灰岩和陆间裂谷早期沉积的BVE组微生物灰岩为连续建造；坳中断凸型孤立台地分布于现今盐下坳陷带中，建造于早期陆内裂谷原型阶段火山岩建隆所形成的凸起带上，发育BVE组微生物灰岩。两类孤立台地灰岩所形成礁滩体均具有储层厚度大、物性好的特点。结合盐下已发现大油田解剖，发现两类台地均可形成大型构造-岩性复合圈闭，周缘为优质湖相和潟湖相烃源岩环绕，上覆为巨厚的优质蒸发盐岩盖层高效封堵，形成了“下生中储上盖”式最佳生储盖组合关系，油气富集程度高。已发现大油田均为具有统一压力系统的底水块状油田，且均处于充满状态。未来勘探重点目标是西部隆起带和东部隆起带南段上的坳间断隆型孤立台地及中央坳陷带中的坳中断凸型孤立台地。该项研究成果为在桑托斯被动陆缘盆地超前选区选带、新项目评价及中标区块探区勘探部署提供了重要依据，也为今后在全球被动大陆边缘盆地深水勘探战略选区提供借鉴。
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以巴西桑托斯盆地M区块白垩系巨厚碳酸盐岩为例，综合岩心、测井及地震资料，建立裂谷湖盆断控孤立台地层序充填模式并揭示其控滩控储机制，重建岩相古地理演化。结果表明：①M区块下白垩统Itapema（ITP）组—Barra Velha（BVE）组发育3个三级层序（SQ1—SQ3），SQ1层序沉积期裂谷基底断裂控制了两侧厚、中间薄的地层展布特征，早期地层具有向凸起超覆充填特征；SQ2—SQ3层序沉积期同沉积断层控制了“西北沉降、东北抬升”的古地貌调整，伴随相对湖平面下降。②M区块下白垩统主要为滨浅湖沉积环境，岩相古地理格局由SQ1层序“内介屑滩、外介壳滩”向SQ2—SQ3层序丘滩相间展布转变。③受相对湖平面升降、同沉积断层及火山活动的共同控制，SQ1层序介壳滩趋于在凸起区垂向加积建隆，SQ2—SQ3层序丘滩复合体因可容纳空间减小趋于向坡折带侧向迁移。④高能丘滩体早期垂向加积、后期侧向迁移的演化模式控制了优质储层展布由“中心式”向“环带式”转变。上述研究揭示了湖相断控孤立台地丘滩体发育模式及有利储集相带展布，可为桑托斯盆地深水盐下碳酸盐岩油气勘探提供支撑。
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The Santos Basin is the richest hydrocarbon continental marginal basins in the world so far. This paper studied the discovery history and discussed the characteristics and distribution of the pre-salt oil-gas fields in the basin. According to the exploration strategy, the discovery history could be divided into three stages. The first stage is concerned with the exploration at the core of outer high (2005-2009) while the second stage at the surrounding of outer high (2009-2013). The third stage is characterized by the commercial mode of PSC given its increasing exploration risks. The hydrocarbon mainly lies under the thick salt in the deep water ocean. The discoveries are primarily oil reservoir with few gas reservoir and condensate oil reservoir. The oil reservoirs are characterized by medium-high density, high gas/oil ratio, existence of CO2 and normal / super-high pressure. The reservoir type is mainly structural reservoir whose source (lacustrine shale) - reservoir (lacustrine carbonate) - cap (continuous salt rock) developed in the rift and sag stage. The super-giant oilfields are located in the structural traps of Lula-Sugar Loaf uplift and Aram-Uirapuru uplift. The large and medium-small oilfields are located in the structural traps of secondary uplifts in western depression and central depression. From the viewpoint of basin evolution and hydrocarbon accumulation, the formation and distribution of hydrocarbon reservoirs are decided by the tectonic framework of rift stage. The hydrocarbon accumulation directions and favorable enrichment belts are decided by the tectonic activity of passive continental margin stage. There are five geological factors controlling the pre-salt hydrocarbon enrichment. The paleo-structure controls the reservoir type and quality. The current structure controls the accumulation direction. The salt rock controls the accumulation efficiency. The source kitchen controls the oil enrichment belt. The CO2 charging influences the fluid property. The study shared a comprehensive understanding about the exploration of Santos Basin and may provide some references of the exploration for other deep-water passive margin basins.
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基于中东碳酸盐岩油藏注水开发实践，以两伊地区（伊拉克和伊朗）白垩系巨厚生物碎屑灰岩油藏为例，针对笼统注采导致开发效果差的难题，提出以隐蔽隔夹层为格架精细划分开发层系、多类型多井型井网有机组合、构建均衡注采体系为核心的巨厚复杂碳酸盐岩油藏均衡注水开发技术。两伊地区巨厚碳酸盐岩油藏具有垂向非均质性强、多成因超高渗透层发育、隔夹层隐蔽性强等特征，基于隐蔽隔夹层识别与刻画技术、封隔能力评估技术，提出均衡注水开发技术，形成常规层系架构、精细层系架构、深化层系架构3种均衡注水开发模式和技术。数值模拟表明，均衡注水开发技术可实现两伊地区巨厚复杂碳酸盐岩油藏精细高效注水开发、均衡动用不同类型储量，并为同类油藏的开发优化提供借鉴。
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A series of 19 paleofacies maps have been generated for given time intervals between the Late Permian and Holocene to reconstruct the depositional history of the Arabian Plate. The succession of changing lithological sequences is controlled by the interplay of eustacy and sediment supply with regional and local tectonic influences. The Mesozoic paleofacies history of the Plate is, in its central and eastern portion east of Riyadh, strongly influenced by an older N-trending, horst and graben system that reflects the grain of the Precambrian Amar Collision and successively younger structural deformations. The late Paleozoic Hercynian orogenic event caused block faulting and relative uplift and resulted in a marked paleorelief. This jointed structural pattern dominated the entire Mesozoic and, to some extent, the Cenozoic facies distribution. The relationship between producing fields and the paleofacies maps illustrates the various petroleum systems of particular times and regions.
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宋新民, 李勇. 中东碳酸盐岩油藏注水开发思路与对策[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2018, 45(4): 679-689.
通过对多个中东已开发碳酸盐岩油藏的研究,厘清了不同类型碳酸盐岩油藏的基本特征,提出了一套高效注水开发方式及技术对策。确定了中东碳酸盐岩油藏多存在比较隐蔽的物性夹层的特征,明确了充分利用隔夹层的发育特点坚持分层系开发的原则。提出采用灵活多样的井型和简单适用的分层注水等剖面控制技术,提高对储集层的控制及动用程度。提出了适用于中东地区不同类型碳酸盐岩油藏的3种主体注水开发方式,包括顶部注气与边缘注水相结合、底注顶采（浮力托浮）和点弱面强面积井网等开发方式。明确了中东碳酸盐岩储集层泥质含量少、压力传播快且远的特征,宜采用大井距注采井网,制定了温和注水、保持合理生产压差及注采比的开发技术对策,以实现油藏无水和低含水期的最大采出程度。图12表2参16
Through the research on several carbonate reservoirs developed in the Middle East, the basic characteristics of different types of carbonate reservoirs are determined, and a set of high-efficiency water injection development options and strategies are presented. Hidden baffles and barriers exist in carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East, so the reservoirs could be divided into different separated development units based on the baffles and barriers characteristics. Flexible and diverse profile control techniques such as high angle wells and intelligent zonal water injection have been introduced to improve the control and development degree of reservoirs. Three principal water injection development methods suitable for different carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East are proposed, including the combination of crestal gas injection and peripheral water injection, bottom interval injection and top interval production (buoyancy underpinning), and “weak point and strong plane” area well pattern. Based on the characteristics of very low shale content, fast and far pressure transmission in the Middle East carbonate reservoirs, a large well-spacing flood pattern is recommended, and reasonable development strategies have been made such as moderate water injection rate and maintaining reasonable production pressure drawdown and voidage replacement ratio, so as to maximize the recovery of reservoirs in the none or low water cut period.
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CGG. Baleine discovery: Côte D'Ivoire's exploration "Black Swan"[J]. GEO ExPro, 2022, 5(1): 24-25.
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Conventionally, turbidity currents are considered as fluidal flows in which sediment is supported by fluid turbulence, whereas debris flows are plastic flows in which sediment is supported by matrix strength, dispersive pressure, and buoyant lift. The concept of high-density turbidity current refers to high-concentration, commonly nonturbulent, flows of fluids in which sediment is supported mainly by matrix strength, dispersive pressure, and buoyant lift. The conventional wisdom that traction carpets with entrained turbulent clouds on top represent high-density turbidity currents is a misnomer because traction carpets are neither fluidal nor turbulent. Debris flows may also have entrained turbulent clouds on top. The traction carpet/debris flow and the overriding turbulent clouds are two separate entities in terms of flow rheology and sediment-support mechanism. In experimental and theoretical studies, which has linked massive sands and floating clasts to high-density turbidity currents, the term \"high-density turbidity current\" has actually been used for laminar flows. In alleviating this conceptual problem, sandy debris flow is suggested as a substitute for high-density turbidity current. Sandy debris flows represent a continuous spectrum of processes between cohesive and cohesionless debris flows. Commonly they are rheologically plastic. They may occur with or without entrained turbulent clouds on top. Their sediment-support mechanisms include matrix strength, dispersive pressure, and buoyant lift. They are characterized by laminar flow conditions, a moderate to high grain concentration, and a low to moderate mud content. Although flows evolve and transform during the course of transport in density-stratified flows, the preserved features in a deposit are useful to decipher only the final stages of deposition. At present, there are no established criteria to decipher transport mechanisms from the depositional record.
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| [37] |
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| [38] |
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