世界10个产气大国中仅有美国、俄罗斯和伊朗年产量达2 500×10⁸m³或更多，预计2025年中国年产气量将达到2 500×10⁸m³。中国天然气工业大发展有3个依据：①天然气资源丰富而探明率低，仅为8.6%，具有更快发展的资源优势；②过去35年，天然气产量持续增长，具有更快发展的增长优势；③2006年以来，天然气剩余可采储量逐年上扬，具有更快发展的储量优势。近10年的天然气年产量增长率、天然气剩余可采储量和天然气储采比都支持中国2025年年产气量达2 500×10⁸m³。最后提出中国“十四五”加快天然气勘探开发的建议：①开辟鄂尔多斯盆地石炭系—二叠系页岩气勘探开发新领域；②攻克3个（北天山山前坳陷、柴北坳陷和西湖凹陷）隐伏煤系潜在大气区；③加速已探明的陵水17?2气田等探明地质储量1 000×10⁸m³以上的7个大气田的开发；④增加气井和超深层探井的钻探。

Among the world's 10 major gas producing countries， only the United States， Russia and Iran have annual gas production of 2 500×10⁸ m³ or more. China is expected to have gas output of 2 500×10⁸ m³ in 2025. There are three bases for the great development of natural gas industry in China： Firstly， the natural gas resources are rich and the proved rate is low and only 8.6%， so it has the resource advantage for faster development； Secondly， over the past 35 years， natural gas production continues to grow， with the growth advantage for faster development； Finally， since 2006， the remaining recoverable reserves of natural gas are increasing year by year， showing the reserve advantage for faster development. In recent 10 years， China's annual natural gas production growth rate， remaining recoverable reserves and reserve production ratio of natural gas support that China's annual gas production in 2025 will reach 2 500×10⁸ m³. Suggestions for accelerating natural gas exploration and development during the 14^th Five-Year Plan Period： （1） Opening new exploration and development fields of Carboniferous-Permian shale gas in Ordos Basin； （2） Explore three potential large gas districts with hidden coal measures in the northern Tianshan Piedown Depression， Qaidam Depression and Xihu Sag； （3） Accelerate the development of seven large gas fields with proved reserves over 1 000×10⁸ m³， such as Lingshui 17-2 Gas Field； （4） Increasing the drilling of gas wells and ultra-deep exploration wells.

中国碳酸盐岩气藏主要分布在塔里木、四川和鄂尔多斯盆地，碳酸盐岩气藏开发面临着储层非均质性强、预测难度大、流体性质及分布复杂、单井产量差异大、稳产难度大等难题。立足于中国碳酸盐岩气藏的开发实践，可将中国碳酸盐岩气藏划分为：缝洞型、礁滩型、风化壳型以及层状白云岩型4种类型。不同类型碳酸盐岩气藏在储集空间、储层成因、开发特征等方面存在很大差异，气藏特征的差异导致不同类型碳酸盐岩气藏面临不同的开发难题。以中国目前正在开发的4个典型碳酸盐岩气藏为例研究不同类型气藏开发面临的问题，并在此基础上提出了典型气藏开发的解决对策，从而为不同类型碳酸盐岩气藏实现“规模建产、高效开发”提供技术支撑。

Carbonate gas reservoirs in China are mainly distributed in the Tarim, Sichuan and Ordos Basin. It is facing many problems in developing them such as the strong heterogeneity of reservoirs, the great difficulty in prediction, and the complexity of fluid property and its distribution. Meanwhile, the difference of single well productivity is always very large and it is also very hard to keep their steady production for single well or the whole reservoir. Based on the development practices, carbonate gas reservoirs in China can be divided into four types, which include fractured-vuggy, reef flat, weathering crust and layered dolomite carbonate gas field. Different types of carbonate gas reservoir have significant difference in reservoir space, reservoir genesis, and development characteristic. These differences result that the development of different type of carbonate gas reservoir faces different problems. Taking four typical carbonate gas reservoirs as an example, this paper describes the problems faced by different types carbonate gas reservoir. Meanwhile, countermeasures are proposed in order to offer technical support to different carbonate gas reservoir. Finally, it can realize commercial productivity construction and high efficient development to different types of carbonate gas reservoir.

以四川盆地东部五百梯气田为例,针对开发中后期气田面临的开发不均衡、低渗低效储量多且动用程度低、气井动态产能变化导致配产不合理、气井普遍产水、富集区采出程度高且综合递减率高及缺少新的储量动用评价和剩余储量分布预测方法等主要问题,提出五百梯气田开发后期技术对策。技术对策主要有：①地层划分与构造描述,依据地震解释资料精细刻画断层及构造起伏变化;②储渗单元划分和定量表征,动、静态结合评价储渗体形态、尺度、连通性及含气规模;③流体分布及动态响应分析,综合构造、储集层及气井生产动态特征,分析确定气藏气水分布规律;④储量动用程度评价与产能复核,从静态地质储量和动态储量角度评价气藏储量动用情况及剩余可动储量规模,明确下一步动用方向,校正气井产能,指导气井开发后期合理生产制度的确定;⑤静态地质模型建立及动态修正,利用精细三维地质建模和数值模拟手段预测气藏压力及剩余储量分布特征;⑥剩余储量预测及分类评价,结合动态修正后的预测模型,开展剩余储量分类评价,指导产能挖潜部署;⑦采气工艺技术及工具研发,针对开发中后期气田的现状,提出针对性的采气工艺技术并研发了配套工具。图11表3参29

Taking the carboniferous reservoir of Wubaiti gas field in eastern Sichuan Basin as an example, the technology strategies are proposed about the following major problems during the middle to late stage of gas field development: imbalance development, low permeability and low efficient reserves left with low producing degree, unreasonable proration caused by changes of gas well dynamic productivity, universal water production in gas wells, high reserve recovery and composite decline rate of reserve-rich region, and lack of new methods for reserves producing evaluation and remaining reserves distribution prediction. The development technical strategies for Wubaiti gas field are as follows: (1) stratigraphic subdivision and structural description in which fault and tectonic fluctuations are describe based on seismic interpretation data; (2) division and quantitative characterization of reservoir units in which the reservoir shape, scale, connectivity and gas-bearing range are evaluated according to dynamic and static data; (3) fluid distribution and dynamic response analysis in which gas-water distribution pattern is figured out by combining structure, reservoir and gas well production dynamic characteristics; (4) reserves producing degree evaluation and deliverability review in which reserves producing degree and remaining recoverable reserves scale are evaluated from the perspective of static geological reserves and dynamic reserves, to make clear the direction of the next step production and establish rational production system in the late stage; (5) static geological model establishment and dynamic correction in which gas reservoir pressure and remaining reserve distribution are predicted by using fine 3D geological modeling and numerical simulation; (6) remaining reserves prediction and classified evaluation based on the dynamic revision prediction model to guide the recovery of remaining reserves; and (7) gas production technology and equipment development, targeted gas recovery techniques are provided concerning the mature gas field.

水在低渗气藏储层孔隙中普遍存在，影响储层供气能力。根据储层孔隙结构形态建立孔隙结构模型，研究了水在不同孔隙类型中的赋存模式及影响气相渗流的机理，在此基础上，采用仿真物理模拟实验技术，研究气藏发生水侵的条件及其对低渗储层供气能力的影响。研究结果表明：气藏储层孔隙中水主要以可动水和残余水2种方式赋存，两者是与储层物性、气驱压力直接相关的变量参数。可动水主要赋存于大孔隙及裂缝中，残余水在不同孔隙形态中有不同的赋存模式，对气相渗流的影响也存在差异。当气藏中水体大于6.0PV时易发生水侵，经过润湿作用形成部分残余水，滞留孔隙喉道中，占据甚至堵塞气相渗流通道，使气井外围储层储量动用滞后甚至难以动用，从而影响低渗气藏有效开发。

<p>It is normal to see that some water occurs in low permeability gas reservoir which influences the gas supply ability. The paper builds a model according to the pore structure, studies the occurrence models of water in different pores and the mechanism that influences the gas flows. The paper also studies the water breakthrough condition in the gas reservoir and the influence to the gas supply ability by physical simulation method. The result shows that there are two types of water in pores, movable water and residual water, which are both determined by reservoir physical properties and gas drive pressure. Movable water mainly occurrs in the fracture and big pores, and the residual water has many occurrence models in differential pores. The result also shows that when the water body is bigger than 6.0PV in gas reservoir, it&prime;s easy to break into the formation. After wetting, some water is remained in the pore just as residual water occupying part or whole flow path. This will make the reserves far from the well and difficult to be employed, so it will influence development of the low permeability gas reservoir.</p>

大型致密砂岩气田储层物性差，含气面积大，非均质性强，气田储量与产量规模大，采收率与最终采气量是指导气田长期稳定生产、制定开发技术对策以及衡量气田开发效果的关键指标。致密砂岩气田孔喉小，渗流机理复杂，常规的实验室模拟方法难以得到准确的采收率数据。以苏里格大型致密砂岩气田为研究对象，优选中区、东区、西区、南区等典型区块进行精细解剖，根据地质特征及开发效果将投产井分成3类；以辫状河体系带为沉积相带约束，确定各类井区的面积比例；选取生产时间较长、基本达到拟稳态的井为分析样本，利用产能不稳定分析及生产曲线积分等方法，评价各类井的井均动态储量及最终累积产量；结合储层规模、结构与生产动态特征，论证单井控制范围；对各类井区以面积比例加权，模拟预测井网足够完善时区块的技术极限采气量及采收率。研究表明，气田各区技术极限采收率为26.8%~75.5%、平均为57.0%，远低于常规气藏的80%~90%。气田技术极限采气量为2.18&times;10¹²m³，目前经济极限采气量为1.27&times;10¹²m³，可通过技术进步降低开发成本，未来增产潜力大。

<p>Giant tight sandstone gas fields are characterized with poor reservoir property, large gas bearing area, strong heterogeneity and enormous scale of reserves and production. Recovery factor and ultimate gas production are the key indicators to guide the long-term stable development of gas field, formulate development technical strategies and evaluate the development effect of gas field. Due to the small pore-throat and complex porous flow mechanism of tight sandstone gas field, it is difficult to obtain accurate recovery data using conventional laboratory simulation methods. Taking Sulige giant tight sandstone gas field as the research object, typical blocks selected from the central, east, west and south zones are detailedly analyzed, and production wells are classified into three types according to geological characteristics and development effect. The area ratios of various well blocks are restricted by braided-river sedimentary facies belts. A large-output well with long production history and basic quasi-steady state is selected as the analysis sample. The productivity instability analysis and production curvilinear integral methods are applied to evaluate the average dynamic reserves and ultimate accumulated production for each type of well. The single-well control scope is validated comprehensively using reservoir scale, structure and production dynamic characteristics. Using area proportional weight method, the gas production rate and recovery factor restricted by technological level are predicted in case of enough complete well pattern. The research result shows that the aforesaid recovery factor in each large block of gas field is 26.8%-75.5%, averaged at 57.0%, far lower than the conventional gas reservoirs of 80%-90%. Based on the current technology, this gas field has the limited production of 2.18&times;10¹²m³, and the maximum economic production is 1.27&times;10¹²m³. In the future, with the technology improvement, development cost will be reduced to achieve the large potential of output increase.</p>

为判识油气储集层中复杂多孔介质的主流通道类型,利用试井解释获取的综合渗透率与岩心测试（或测井解释）得到的基质渗透率的比值定义了&#x0201c;主流通道指数&#x0201d;,同时基于流量等效原理建立了相应的数学模型,提出了主流通道分类方法,实现了储集层流动通道类型的定量表征,并通过典型气藏实例分析验证了该方法的有效性。研究表明,&#x0201c;主流通道指数&#x0201d;能够定量划分流动通道类型：该指数小于3,基质孔隙为主要流动通道;该指数为3~20,流动通道以裂缝为主、基质孔隙为辅;该指数大于20可视裂缝为唯一渗流通道。典型气藏的动态分析显示,&#x0201c;主流通道指数&#x0201d;可用于评价多孔介质流动通道类型,进而指导气藏分类开发、规避气藏开发风险。图10参29

针对中国碳酸盐岩油气田成藏模式多样、构造复杂、储集层差异大的特点,跟踪分析了中国20世纪50年代以来的开发技术攻关实践,系统总结了所形成的碳酸盐岩油气藏开发理论与技术,分析了其适应性与存在问题,在此基础上提出了未来的发展方向及思路。中国碳酸盐岩油气藏开发主要形成了：①碳酸盐岩储集层的成因机制、复杂介质复合流动机理理论;②以地球物理描述、离散缝洞建模方法为核心的储集体识别和描述技术;③自由流-渗流耦合的数值模拟方法及试井分析技术;④空间结构井网设计、变强度注水和堵水封窜为核心的注水开发和氮气单井吞吐提高采收率技术;⑤钻完井、酸化压裂增产技术。进一步实现碳酸盐岩油气藏高效开发,需要开展4个方面的攻关：①发展更高精度的复杂储集层描述技术;②研发多途径的油气藏提高采收率技术;③完善和发展超深层碳酸盐岩钻井、酸化压裂改造方法,大幅降低工程成本;④加强信息技术、大数据技术、云计算、人工智能与油气藏开发的融合,实现油田开发的智能化。图5表1参46

Carbonate reservoirs in China have the characteristics of diversified accumulation pattern, complex structure and varying reservoir conditions. Concerning these characteristics, this article tracks the technical breakthroughs and related practices since the 1950s, summarizes the developed theory and technologies of carbonate reservoir development, analyzes their adaptability and problems, and proposes their development trend. The following theory and technologies have come into being: (1) carbonate reservoir formation mechanisms and compound flow mechanisms in complex medium; (2) reservoir identification and description technologies based on geophysics and discrete fracture-vuggy modeling method; (3) well testing analysis technology and numerical simulation method of coupling free flow and porous media flow; (4) enhanced oil recovery techniques for nitrogen single well huff and puff, and water flooding development techniques with well pattern design in spatial structure, changed intensity water injection, water plugging and channel blocking as the core; (5) drilling and completion techniques, acid fracturing techniques and its production increasing techniques. To realize the efficient development of carbonate oil and gas reservoirs, researches in four aspects need to be done: (1) complex reservoir description technology with higher accuracy; (2) various enhanced oil recovery techniques; (3) improving the drilling method and acid fracturing method for ultra-deep carbonate reservoir and significantly cutting engineering cost; (4) strengthening the technological integration of information, big data, cloud computation, and artificial intelligence in oilfield development to realize the smart development of oilfield.

通过对储集层改造技术发展历史的总结,明确了国内外储集层改造技术的新进展,总结出国内外储集层改造技术的差距,指出未来面临的技术难点及发展方向。中国与国外储集层改造技术的差距主要表现在储集层改造裂缝扩展机理、软件研发、压裂车装备、工具的耐温耐压性、支撑剂替代、大数据信息化数据库等6个方面;未来面临技术难点主要有地质与工程一体化的深度融合不够、水平井体积改造多裂缝的扩展形态及影响因素不清楚、降本空间小环保压力大、新技术缺乏室内实验及现场试验装备、压裂液体系关键技术欠成熟、工厂化压裂设备功效低等。在此基础上,结合中国储集层改造技术发展现状,提出了6个方面的建议：①做好非常规储集层改造机理研究;②加快地质-工程一体化软件研发;③促进提高采收率改造工艺升级;④开展低成本多功能压裂液配方实验;⑤尽快完成高效压裂装备配备;⑥全面建设储集层改造大数据、信息化平台及远程决策系统。图4表1参43

天然气资源禀赋的不同、天然气性质的不同和天然气藏类型的不同,决定了天然气开发策略、开发原则和开发方式的不同,重点研究和分析了天然气在这些方面的特殊性,提出了相应的开发对策。从长远看,由于我国常规天然气资源有限,我国一方面应继续提高天然气资源勘探程度,合理开采已探明资源,另一方面应进行非常规天然气的开发准备和考虑天然气的引进。天然气有其自身的特点,只有坚持一体化开发原则,针对不同类型气藏的特点,采用不同的开发技术和手段,依靠科技进步,降低开发成本,才能提高开发效益。

<p>The strategy, principle and pattern of gas development are controlled by reserve, gas properties and gas reservoir type. According to those, this paper carries on a detailed research and put forward corresponding measures. The conventional gas reserve is limited in China. So, we should work for enlarging gas reserve and strengthening effective exploration and development of unconventional gas. On the other hand, the gas import should be taken into consideration. Only if insisting on integrated development&nbsp;&nbsp;work, and applying relevant technologies in terms of the development properties of different gas reservoir types, we can just inc rease profit and decrease costing.</p>

以致密气采收率影响因素及储集层地质特征分析为基础,从剩余气成因角度对苏里格气田已开发区致密气剩余储量进行分类,估算不同类型剩余气储量,并提出相应提高采收率技术对策。苏里格气田致密气剩余储量可划分为4类：井网未控制型、水平井漏失型、射孔不完善型和复合砂体内阻流带型,其中,井网未控制型和复合砂体内阻流带型井间未动用剩余气是气田挖潜提高采收率的主体,井网加密调整是主要手段。综合考虑储集层地质特征、生产动态响应和经济效益要求,建立定量地质模型法、动态泄气范围法、产量干扰率法、经济技术指标评价法4种直井井网加密技术,以及直井与水平井联合井网优化设计方法,论证气田富集区在现有经济技术条件下,合理井网密度为4口/km²,可将采收率由当前的32%提高到50%左右。同时针对层间未动用型剩余储量形成老井挖潜、新井工艺技术优化、合理生产制度优化、排水采气、降低废弃产量5种提高采收率配套技术,可在井网加密的基础上再提高采收率5%左右。研究成果为苏里格气田230&#x000D7;10⁸ m³/a规模长期稳产及长庆气区上产提供了有效的支撑。图6表4参31

从相对渗透率曲线和物质平衡原理出发导出了双曲型、调和型和指数型产量递减方程式,论证了水驱油藏产量递减方程主要取决于油相相对渗透率曲线特性并进行了有关讨论.

Based on relative permeability curve and material balance principle,hyperbolic,harmonic and exponential decline equations have been derived and the fact that decline equation on water drive reservoir mainly depends on the characteristic of relative permeability curve for oil phase has been demonstrated>and also some other related discussions have heed made in this paper.The results provided important fundamentals for the further understanding and correct use of production decline equations.

储量评价贯穿气藏开发始终，系统梳理气藏不同储量计算方法，对认识和开发气藏具有重要意义。前期评价阶段，分气藏类型选择容积法或体积法计算探明地质储量，指导开发概念设计和开发方案编制；方案实施阶段，落实可动用储量，指导井位部署；规模开发后，采用物质平衡与现代递减方法计算单井或气藏动态储量和可采储量，指导井网、井距、生产制度等开发技术政策优化；开发中后期，采用精细气藏描述和数值模拟方法落实剩余储量，指导挖潜部署。综合来看，储集空间结构、流体赋存状态和气藏边界是优选不同储量计算方法的重要依据，也是开发全生命周期不断认识气藏的关键参数。

Reserve evaluation is very important in the full life cycle of gas reservoir. So it is of great significance to sort out different calculation methods of reserves systematically in the process of understanding and developing gas reservoirs. In the early evaluation stage， the proved reserves， which are the basis of conceptual design and development plan for gas field development， can be calculated by the volumetric method or reservoir?volume?method according to the reservoir type. During the implementation of the development plan， producing?reserves should be determined to guide well placement. With the large-scale development the dynamic reserves and recoverable reserves of wells or reservoirs are calculated by using the material balance and modern decline method to guide the optimization of technical policies such as well pattern， well spacing and production practices. In the middle and late stage of development， gas reservoir fine description and numerical simulation are used to determine the remaining reserves and guide the tapping potential. On the whole， the three factors， the spatial structure of the reservoir， the occurrence state of the fluid and the boundary of gas reservoir are important bases for optimizing the calculation method of different reserves， are also the key parameters for continuous understanding of gas reservoir in the whole development life cycle.

气藏描述是气田开发地质的核心任务，气藏描述过程中静动态资料相联系的程度决定着气藏描述水平的高低。针对传统气藏描述因“地质是开发的内因”和“静动态资料结合”技术理念存在的气藏描述瓶颈，提出了“静动态资料整合”技术理念，明确了“静动态资料整合”的内涵以及“静动态资料整合”的关键点。研究结果表明：①“静动态资料整合”即在静动态资料结合、融合的基础上，关注关键细节上的静动态资料的对应或定量关系，实现基于整体观框架下静态描述和动态描述的统一与综合，包含静动态资料结合、融合和整合3个阶段；②储层改造后的结构描述、不同类型储层气井的产能评价、气井产能及其主控因素，以及基于动态分析描述气藏数值模型渗流场是“静动态资料整合”技术理念的4个关键方面；③结合四川盆地川西北区块栖霞组、安岳气田震旦系、磨溪地区雷一¹亚段等领域气藏描述的探索，提升了气藏描述中储层结构、产能、产能主控因素以及精细数值模拟4个方面的可靠性和矿场实践性。研究结果奠定了“静动态资料整合”技术理念和应用思路，为四川盆地已开发气田的科学开发提供了技术支持，并可促进气藏描述水平的快速发展，对保障国家能源安全具有重要的指导意义。

Gas reservoir description is the core task of gas field development geology， and the degree of correlation between static and dynamic data in the process of gas reservoir description determines the level of gas reservoir description. Aiming at the bottleneck of gas reservoir description existed by the technical concept of “geology is the internal cause of development” and “static dynamic data integration” in traditional gas reservoir description，a technical concept of “static and dynamic data integration” was proposed，and the connotation and the key points of “static and dynamic data integration” were clarified. The research results show that：Firstly， static and dynamic data integration refers to focusing on the corresponding or quantitative relationships between static and dynamic data in key details based on the combination and fusion of static and dynamic data， achieving the unification and integration of static and dynamic descriptions based on a holistic framework， including three stages of static and dynamic data combination，fusion，and integration. Secondly，the structural description after reservoir reconstruction，productivity evaluation of different types of reservoir gas wells，productivity and main controlling factors of gas wells，and the description of gas reservoir numerical model seepage field based on dynamic analysis are four key aspects of the technical concept of “static and dynamic data integration”；Thirdly，combined with the exploration of gas reservoir description in fields such as Qixia Formation in Northwest Sichuan Block， Sinian in Anyue Gas Field，and the first sub-member of the first member of Leikoupo Formation in Moxi Area，etc.，the reliability and field practicality of reservoir structure，productivity，main controlling factors for productivity，and fine numerical simulation in gas reservoir description have been improved. The conclusion is that the research results establish a concept of “static and dynamic integration” technology and technical application methods，provide technical support for the scientific development of developed gas fields in the Sichuan Basin，and promote the rapid development of gas reservoir description level，which has important guiding significance for ensuring national energy security.