利用三维地震、多层相干分析、振幅变化率、储层岩心分析及油气分布特征等资料,对塔里木盆地富满油田F_Ⅰ16断裂的空间展布特征、活动强度及期次进行了分析,并探讨了断裂的控储控藏作用。研究结果表明:①富满油田F_Ⅰ16断裂具有平面分段、垂向分层的特征。平面上由北往南可划分为3段,北段沿NE 10°展布,发育似马尾状构造;中段沿NE 20°展布,处于断裂走向转换部位,主要发育左阶斜列;南段沿NE 30°展布,具有强线性延伸特征,以右阶斜列为主;垂向上可划分为上寒武统底面以下的深部构造变形层和上寒武统底-奥陶系一间房组顶面浅部构造变形层,深层断裂活动较弱,分支发育较少,仅局部发育花状构造,浅层断裂活动强,花状构造普遍发育,且垂向上存在"多花叠置"及破碎带内地层同沉积的现象。②F_Ⅰ16断裂在富满油田的活动主要发生于加里东早期和加里东中期,加里东中期为主要活动期,强度较大且具有多幕次特征;活动强度在平面上表现为"北强南弱",在垂向上表现出"浅层上拱、深层下降"的特征,浅层断裂活动更强烈。③研究区储层以断控缝洞型为主,受断裂破碎作用控制,平面上沿F_Ⅰ16断裂带呈条带状分布,垂向上具有深浅分层叠置的特征;受中寒武统膏盐岩的分布影响,F_Ⅰ16断裂带的油气分布具有"南油北气"的特征。

The data of 3D seismic，multi-layer coherence analysis，amplitude change rate，reservoir core analysis and oil and gas distribution were used to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics， activity intensity and stages of F_Ⅰ16 fault in Fuman oilfield of Tarim Basin， and the control effects of fault on reservoir and accumulation were discussed. The results show that： （1）The F_Ⅰ16 fault in Fuman oilfield has the characteristics of plane segmentation and vertical stratification. On plane， it can be divided into three segments from north to south，the northern segment spreads along NE 10° and develops horsetail-like structure，the middle segment spreads along NE 20° and is in the transition position of fault strike，mainly develops left-order oblique row，and the southern segment spreads along NE 30° with strong linear extension characteristics， mainly right-order oblique sequence. Vertically， it can be divided into deep structural deformation layer below the bottom of Upper Cambrian（TЄ₃）and the shallow structural deformation layer of the bottom of Upper Cambrian to the top of Ordovician Yijianfang Formation （TO₃t）. The deep fault activity is weak， the branch is less developed， only the local flower structure is developed. While the shallow fault activity is strong，the flower structure is generally developed，and there exists the phenomenon of “multi-flower superposition” and stratigraphic co-deposition in the fracture zone vertically.（2）The activities of F_Ⅰ16 fault in Fuman oilfield can be divided into two stages： early Caledonian and middle Caledonian. The middle Caledonian is the main active stage，with stronger intensity and multi-episode activation characteristics，and the activity intensity is strong in the north and weak in the south on plane， showing the characteristics of shallow upper arch and deep decline in the vertical direction，and the shallow fault activity is stronger.（3）The reservoirs in the study area are mainly fault-controlled fracture-cave reservoirs，controlled by fault fragmentation， distributed in a strip along the F_Ⅰ16 fault zone on plane，and superimposed deep and shallow layers vertically. Affected by the distribution characteristics of Middle Cambrian gypsum salt rocks，the F_Ⅰ16 fault zone has the oil and gas distribution characteristics of “south oil and north gas”.

近年来，塔里木盆地顺托果勒低隆起发现了10亿吨级的新类型油藏——顺北超深断溶体油藏。通过深化顺北地区油气成藏地质条件认识，突破了构造低部位岩溶储层欠发育的限制，提出走滑断裂带构造破裂作用为主的叠加后期埋藏流体改造也可形成规模储层。走滑断裂带多期活动对储层改造、圈闭形成和油气运聚具有重要的控制作用，建立了顺北超深断溶体油气藏“寒武纪多期供烃、深埋断溶成储、原地垂向输导、晚期成藏为主、走滑断裂控富”成藏模式，初步提出了顺北断溶体油藏富集的主控因素。顺北超深断溶体油藏作为一种新类型油藏，丰富了海相碳酸盐岩油气成藏理论，展现了超深层海相碳酸盐岩巨大的勘探潜力，是盆地未来油气增储的重点领域。

In recent years, a new type of oil reservoir, with reserves of 1 billion tons, has been discovered in the low uplift of Shuntuoguole in the Tarim Basin - ultra-deep fault-karst oil reservoir in the Shunbei area. By deepening understanding of the geological conditions for oil and gas accumulation in the Shunbei area, the constraint on development represented by the fact that karst reservoirs had not been developed in the lower structure positions has been broken. It is also proposed that large-scale reservoirs can be formed by later superimposed buried fluid reformation, mainly due to structure fracturing of strike slip fault zones. The multi-stage activities of strike slip fault zones play an important role in controlling reservoir reformation, trap formation and hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. The hydrocarbon accumulation mode of "multi-stage hydrocarbon supply in Cambrian, deep buried fault-karst reservoir, in-situ vertical migration, mainly late stage accumulation, strike slip faults controlling enrichment" has been established for ultra-deep fault-karst reservoir in the Shunbei area. The main controlling factors of enrichment of the fault-karst reservoir have been presented. As a new type of reservoir, ultra-deep fault-karst reservoir has extended the theory of hydrocarbon accumulation in marine carbonates, confirms the great exploration potential of ultra-deep marine carbonate formations, and is the key field for reserves increase in the future.

表生型岩溶储层是塔里木盆地中—下奥陶统油气勘探的重点目标。为了深入认识岩溶储层的分区差异性，基于塔里木盆地大量钻井、取心和地震资料以及柯坪地区野外露头考察资料，对塔里木盆地不同地区中—下奥陶统岩溶古地貌和古水文进行了精细刻画，并划分了岩溶水文地貌结构类型，揭示了水文地貌结构对岩溶储层发育的控制效应。研究结果表明：①塔里木盆地中—下奥陶统岩溶水文地貌结构可划分为地表—地下双重水系型、地表水系型和无地表水系型；②地表—地下双重水系型结构主要发育在石炭系覆盖区，其主要特征是岩溶水形成了丰富的岩溶地貌类型，并建立了完整的地表岩溶流域和综合性岩溶管道网络；③地表水系型结构主要出现在志留系覆盖区，其主要特征是岩溶水对地表岩溶地貌产生了重要改造，虽然形成了较为完善的地表水系，但尚未产生综合性岩溶排驱系统；④无地表水系型结构主要分布在上奥陶统覆盖区，其主要特征是岩溶水对可溶性地层尚未产生明显的切割改造，地表未形成清晰的水系网络；⑤塔里木盆地3种不同类型的水文地貌结构反映了不同的岩溶演化阶段，控制了不同地区呈巨大差异的中—下奥陶统表生岩溶储层。

Epigenetic karst reservoir is the key target for oil and gas exploration in the Middle-Lower Ordovician of Tarim Basin. To deeply understand the zonal differences of karst reservoirs, based on plenty of drilling, coring and seismic data from the Tarim Basin and the investigation data of field outcrops from the Keping area, this paper meticulously describes the ancient paleo-geomorphology and paleo-hydrology of the Middle-Lower Ordovician in different areas of Tarim Basin, classifies the types of hydrogeomorphic architecture in karst zones and reveals the controlling effect of hydrogeomorphic architecture on the development of karst reservoirs. The results show that:(1) The Middle-Lower Ordovician hydrogeomorphic architecture in karst zones of Tarim Basin can be divided into three types, i.e., surface-underground dual drainage system, surface drainage system and non-surface drainage system. (2) The surface-underground dual drainage system is mainly developed in the area covered by the Carboniferous. Its main feature is that diverse types of karst landforms are formed by karst water, and a complete surface karst watershed and an integrated conduit system have been established. (3) The surface drainage system is mainly found in the area covered by the Silurian, and its main feature is that the surface karst landforms have been significantly transformed by karst water. Although a relatively complete surface drainage system has been formed, a comprehensive expulsion system in karst zones has not yet been established. (4) The non-surface drainage system is mainly distributed in the area covered by the Upper Ordovician. Its main feature is that soluble strata have not been significantly sculptured and transformed by karst water, and a clear network of water system has been formed. (5) Three different types of hydrogeomorphic architectures in Tarim Basin reflect different evolution stages of karst and control the development of Middle-Lower Ordovician spigenetic karst reservoirs, which have huge differences in different regions.

基于构造、断裂演化、岩心、测井、地震、钻录井、生产动态等资料分析,对塔里木盆地哈拉哈塘油田塔河南岸地区跃满区块奥陶系断溶体油气藏的储集空间特征、展布形态、成因进行系统研究,并结合开发实践,对断溶体油气藏的成藏与油气富集进行系统分析。研究结果表明,断溶体油气藏以"体"的形式呈不连续、非均质、不规则性分布,其形成主要受控于断裂的发育程度,建立沿主干深大通源断裂溶蚀、沿次级通源断裂溶蚀和沿次级内幕断裂溶蚀3种断溶体油气藏形成模式;断溶体油气富集受控于成藏期与断裂活动时空上的匹配关系、断裂的级别和断裂的分段性质。研究结果可有效指导哈拉哈塘油田塔河南岸地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩井位部署,实现断溶体油气藏高效开发。图9表2参25

在走滑断裂精细解析的基础上,综合利用成像测井、试井和生产动态资料,探讨了顺北油气田顺北1号、顺北5号、顺北4号走滑断裂带的分段差异变形对规模储集体发育和油藏分布的控制作用。顺北地区主干走滑断裂带在几何学、运动学及活动特征方面差异显著,具有"一带一世界"的特点。其中,顺北1号断裂带在三维工区内发育9个左阶斜列展布的几何分段,分段间均发育叠接拉分段;顺北5号断裂带北段以发育压隆段—平移段为主,中段以发育平移段和分支断裂为主,南段发育"两侧地堑断面+中部主走滑断面"复合构造样式;顺北4号断裂带在三维工区内呈"S"形展布,根据走向变化可划分北段、中段和南段,具有"南北挤压、中部拉张"的分段结构特征。顺北地区走滑断裂的内部结构受断裂活动强度控制,随着活动强度增大,碳酸盐岩断裂带内部结构由发育程度较低的裂缝带逐步演化为发育程度较高的破碎角砾带-裂缝带,储集体规模也逐渐增大。顺北1号断裂带的断控规模储集体分段发育,不同分段的储集体内部结构差异明显且多不连通,同一分段的储集体相互连通,具有"一段一油藏"的特征。走滑断裂的差异变形控制了油气差异成藏,其中,受控于晚期活动"北强南弱"的差异,顺北1号断裂带北部分段井组的气油比普遍大于南部井组;顺北5号断裂带南段的中部主走滑断面直接沟通烃源岩层,具有"控储、控藏、控富"特征,而地堑断面未直接沟通烃源岩层,其钻揭的储集体与油气藏规模远小于中部主走滑断面。走滑断裂的断面具有垂向非均质性,受断面活动强度和地层能干性的控制,同一断面不同深度的靶点钻遇储集体的规模差异显著,具有"一点一规模"的特征。研究结果深化了对塔里木盆地内部走滑断裂差异变形特征的认识,可为走滑断裂断控缝洞型油气藏的勘探评价提供重要借鉴。

Based on fine analysis of strike-slip faults and comprehensive use of imaging logging, well testing and production performance data, this paper explores the control effect of the segmented differential deformation of Shunbei No.1, Shunbei No.5 and Shunbei No.4 strike-slip fault zones in Shunbei oil and gas field on the development of large-scale reservoir bodies and the distribution of oil reservoirs. There are significant differences in geometry, kinematics and activity characteristics of the main strike-slip fault zones in Shunbei area, showing the characteristic of "one zone as one world". Specifically, there are 9 geometric segments with left-stepped diagonal distribution in the 3D working area in Shunbei No.1 fault zone, where spliced and pull segments are developed. The north section of Shunbei No.5 fault zone is dominated by the development of uplift and translation segments, translation segments and splay fractures are mainly found in the middle section, and the south section shows the compound tectonic development pattern of "graben section on both sides and main strike-slip section in the middle". Shunbei No.4 fault zone is distributed in an "S" shape in the 3D working area and can be divided into north section, middle section and south section according to the strike changes. It is characterized by a segmented structure of "north-south compression and middle tension". The internal structure of the strike-slip faults of Shunbei area is controlled by the intensity of fault activity. With the increase of activity intensity, the internal structure of carbonate fault zone has gradually evolved from a fracture zone with low development degree to the broken gravel zone and fracture zone with high development degree, and the scale of reservoir bodies is expanded accordingly. Shunbei No.1 fault zone witnesses the segmental development of the large-scale fault-controlled reservoir bodies. The internal structures of reservoir bodies in different segments are significantly different, and most of them are disconnected. The reservoir bodies in the same segment are interconnected, characterized by "one reservoir for one section". The differential accumulation of oil and gas is controlled by the differential deformation of strike-slip fault. In detail, the gas-oil ratio of the northern segmented well group of Shunbei No.1 fault zone is generally higher than that of the southern well group, which is controlled by the difference of late activities with the characteristic of "being strong in the north and weak in the south". The middle main strike-slip section of the southern section of Shunbei No.5 fault zone is directly communicated with source rocks, characterized with "reservoir control, accumulation control and enrichment control". The graben section is not directly communicated with source rocks, and the scale of the drilled reservoir body and oil-gas reservoir is much smaller than that of the middle main strike-slip section. The section of strike-slip fault is vertically heterogeneous. As controlled by activity intensity of the section and competency of the formation. The scale of the targets drilled into the reservoir bodies with different depths in the same section is significantly different, which shows the characteristic of "one target for one scale". The study will deepen the understanding on the differential deformation characteristics of the strike-slip faults in Tarim Basin and serve as an important reference for the exploration and evaluation of fracture-controlled and fractured-vuggy type reservoirs in strike-slip faults.

断控缝洞型碳酸盐岩油气资源潜力巨大，但其控储控藏控富机理十分复杂，超深领域勘探开发难度更大、成本更高，培育高产井、高效井是推动超深领域资源优势转化为效益优势的重要途径。基于地球物理、油气地质、油层物理、地球化学等多学科动静态结合研究，阐明了多源流体、多期溶蚀、叠加复合的断控岩溶缝洞体形成机理与走滑断裂、不整合面为输导格架的多期成藏机理，构建了塔里木盆地富满油田超深断控缝洞型碳酸盐岩油气成藏地质模型，揭示了以Ⅰ级断裂破碎带为主线、大型缝洞体为主体、正地貌为背景的高效井分布规律；同时，创新形成了定断裂带、定富集段、定目标井、定井型与选位置、选靶点、选靶层、选靶向的“四定+四选”井位部署配套技术。据此部署的具有“主干断裂+正地貌+长串珠”特征的一批井点均获高产或成为千吨井，大幅提高了单井产量与最终可采储量（EUR），指导了勘探开发领域向纵深挺进，发现落实富满油田10×10⁸ t油气储量并建成300×10⁴ t级大油气田。

Fault-controlled fractured-cave carbonate rocks have great potential for oil and gas resources， but their mechanism of controlling storage， reservoir and enrichment is very complex. Exploration and development in ultra-deep field is more difficult and cost-effective. Cultivating high-yield wells and high-efficiency wells is an important way to promote the conversion of resource advantages into benefit advantages in ultra-deep field. Based on the dynamic and static combination of geophysics， oil and gas geology， reservoir physics and geochemistry， the formation mechanism of multi-source fluid， multi-stage dissolution and superposition complex fault-controlled karst fracture cave body and multi-stage reservoir formation mechanism with strike-slip fracture and unconformity surface as transport guide frame are clarified， a geological model of hydrocarbon accumulation in ultra-deep fault-controlled fracture-cave carbonate rocks in Fuman Oil Field is established， and the distribution law of efficient wells is revealed， with the class I fracture zone as the main line， large fracture-cave body as the main body and normal landform as the background. At the same time， a set of well locations with characteristics of “main fracture + positive geomorphy + long string of beads” have been developed， which greatly improves the output of single well and EUR and guides the further development of exploration and development field. We found and implemented one billion tons oil and gas reserve in Fuman Oil Field and constructed four million tons large oil and gas field.

In view of the production problems such as difficult identification of deep-ultra deep weak energy carbonate fault-karst, unclear connectivity of fault-karst carbonate reservoir, as well as high yield of "small beads", low production of "big beads", "low beads" producing oil, and "high beads" producing water，on the basis of the understanding of the geological model of fault-karst configuration, the geometric shape characteristics, scale and internal lithofacies of fault-karst are characterized by using dynamic and static production data, and then the feasibility of depicting the outline and internal structure of fault-karst is explored. The quantitative description techniques are introduced as the following three aspects:(1) The seismic wave decomposition technique is applied to remove strong reflection in the overlying strata and highlight the response characteristics of weak energy fault-karst reservoir. It is an important basic work for fine description of the interior of the fault-karst. (2) The boundary of fault-karst is described by multi-scale fault detection in frequency domain, which realizes the fault identification of weak seismic response, and can provide better and more accurate fault information. (3) Combined with geological and logging information, the internal lithofacies distribution of fault-karst are identified by using fracture-cavity lithofacies inverse technique, so that the spatial heterogeneity of fracture-cavity reservoirs can be quantitatively evaluated from the perspective of lithofacies. The key techniques of seismic characterization of carbonate fault-karst configuration provide a new idea for efficient well location optimization of fault-karst reservoir. The drilling success rate of fault-karst reservoir is increased from about 75， to 94， after the development idea of reservoir is changed from point cave to three-dimensional fault-karst. In practice, the research results can be used to evaluate the connectivity of fault-karst reservoir, optimize efficient wells, tap the potential of remaining oil, and propose measures for fault-karst reservoir and improve oil recovery.

在深层碳酸盐岩层系中,已陆续发现了塔河、普光、元坝、安岳等一系列大型油气田,并形成了碳酸盐岩“三元控储”等成储理论认识。近年来,四川和塔里木盆地相继在超过7 000 m甚至8 000 m的超深层中发现了优质碳酸盐岩储层。深层储层类型更加多样,控储因素中,相带、流体、压力和断裂,以及它们之间相互作用的内涵更为丰富。结合近期大量新的超深钻探资料,持续开展了深层-超深层碳酸盐岩成储机理的研究。通过塔里木盆地塔河-顺北地区奥陶系和四川盆地二叠系栖霞组、茅口组的深化研究,进一步揭示了构造破裂和多类型流体耦合改造储集体的成储机制;通过上震旦统四川盆地灯影组和塔里木盆地奇格布拉克组的系统分析,揭示了新元古代“白云石海”沉积环境、早期溶蚀和早期油气充注在成储与孔隙保持中的关键作用;通过开展含膏岩层系白云岩成储的物理模拟实验,揭示了膏盐岩封盖及超压、较为封闭的环境下,白云石重结晶作用显著改善了储集物性。深层-超深层储层发育机理新认识丰富了“三元控储”理论,有效引领了超深层,乃至特深层的油气勘探。断控和断-溶双控储集体、古老微生物丘滩相白云岩储层,尤其是寒武系厚层膏盐岩之下的微生物丘滩相白云岩储层,在中西部叠合盆地海相碳酸盐岩层系中广泛分布,有望成为万米特深层钻探的主要对象。

In deep carbonate strata of the Sichuan and Tarim Basins a series of large scale oil and gas fields have been discovered successively, including the Jingbian, Tahe, Puguang and Yuanba fields, and a “ternary reservoir control” theory for reef-shoal carbonate reservoirs has been developed. In recent years, high-quality carbonate reservoir rocks are discovered in ultra-deep layers at depths of greater than 7000 m or even 8000 m. The deep reservoirs show diverse rock types and complex interactions between the reservoir controlling factors such as facies belt, fluid, pressure, and fault. Using the newly obtained ultra-deep drilling data we carried out a systematic investigation into the formation mechanism of the ultra-deep carbonate reservoir rocks. In-depth studies of the Ordovician strata of Tahe-Shunbei-Shunnan area, Tarim Basin and the Permian Qixia and Maokou Formations in the Sichuan Basin provided further insights into reservoir formation by mechanisms of fault-related fracturing and coupled multi-type fluid alteration. Results for the Upper Sinian Dengying Formation in the Sichuan Basin and the Upper Sinian Qigebulake Formation in the Tarim Basin suggested that the Neoproterozoic “dolomite sea” depositional environment, early dissolution, and early hydrocarbon charging are the key factors for reservoir formation and preservation. Physical simulation experiment on dolomite reservoir formation in gypsum-bearing facies revealed that dolomite recrystallization can significantly improve reservoir properties under gypsum-salt capping and overpressure and relatively closed environment. The new insights enriched the “ternary reservoir control” theory and provided guidance for oil and gas exploration in ultra-deep and even extra-deep strata. In superimposed basins in central and western China, fault-controlled and fault/dissolution dual-controlled reservoirs, ancient microbial mound-shoal dolomite reservoirs, especially those with Cambrian thick gypsum-salt caprocks, are widely distributed in marine carbonate rocks and can be considered the main exploration targets at > 10000 m depths.

哈拉哈塘地区是塔里木盆地主要的含油区带,受多期构造运动影响,油气富集规律预测难度大。为此,基于地震资料解释,对哈拉哈塘地区热瓦普区块深层碳酸盐岩的断裂展布、成藏期古构造进行系统研究。储层展布及产能数据分析结果表明:研究区次级NE—SW向、NW—SE向及近SN向分支断裂对油气进行二次调整运移,在其上倾倾末端储层发育终止区富集成藏;油气沿优势运移方向,长期处于古构造鼻状隆起区及局部构造高点叠合区的储层利于油气保存。基于断裂及古构造分析,结合储层特征,建立了“X”型走滑断裂由南向北疏导油气,其伴生的次级分支断裂对油气进行二次调整运移,沿油气优势运移方向、在多期古构造隆起或局部构造高点叠合的储层发育区油气富集的成藏模式。研究结果可为碳酸盐岩油气勘探开发提供一定的借鉴。